Slovene national phonetic transcription
| Slovene national phonetic transcription Slovene national transcription | |
|---|---|
| Script type | |
| Creator | Fran Ramovš |
Time period | 1937–present |
| Languages | Slovene language and its dialects, Alpine Slavic |
| Related scripts | |
Parent systems | |
Child systems |
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| Unicode | |
| Most of the letters are encoded in Latin (Basic Latin, Latin-1 Supplement, Latin Extended-A, Latin Extended-B, Latin Extended-D, Latin Extended Additional, IPA Extensions, Phonetic Extensions, Phonetic Extensions Supplement), most of the others are in Superscripts and Subscripts block or can be made by adding diacritical marks from Combining Diacritical Marks block. There is a letter and its superscript form, and a diacritical mark that are not yet encoded. | |
Slovene national phonetic transcription (Slovene: Nacionalna fonetična transkripcija [nat͡siɔˈnáːlna fɔˈnèːtit͡ʃna tɾansˈkɾìːpt͡sija]) is a group of four closely related and similar phonetic alphabets used to write pronunciations of Slovene and its dialects, as well as Alpine Slavic. The alphabet was first used by Fran Ramovš in 1937 to transcribe Freising manuscripts, and was later slightly changed to more closely resemble the International Phonetic Alphabet. The old transcription is called "Ramovš transcription" and the new one "the new Slovene national phonetic transcription" or "Logar transcription". From those transcriptions, "tonal transcription" (used for tonal orthography) and "non-tonal transcription" (used for non-tonal orthography), which also has a simplified form that can be implemented without changing the spelling of most of the words and only shows the accent ("Stress notation") were derived, although the ununified predecessors were already used before.
In dialectology, it is known as "national transcription" (Slovene: nacionalna transkripcija), since it is the only appropriate way to write dialects.[1]
Non-tonal and tonal transcription[edit]
It is still debated whether formal Slovene is a tonal language or not; however, non-tonal transcription is used more frequently than the tonal one. It can be used to fully transcribe a word, but its diacritical marks can be added to a normally-written word to only denote the stress and the length of the vowel, because the pronunciation of other letters can already be evident from the spelling of most words. However, this cannot be applied to loanwords or to words that already have diacritical marks.[2] This transcription is commonly added to words in books that are pronounced differently, but written the same to differentiate between them, such as môra "a nightmare" and móra "(he) has to". Additionally, mid central vowel can also be written with ə and when l is pronounced as [u̯], it can be represented with ł, however such representation is mostly reserved for dictionaries and study books meant for non-native speakers[citation needed].
Tonal transcription differs from non-tonal only in diacritical marks.
| In a word | Non-tonal | Tonal | IPA |
|---|---|---|---|
| í | í | í | ìː |
| ȋ | íː | ||
| é | é | ẹ́ | èː |
| ẹ̑ | éː | ||
| ê / é | ḙ̄ | ḙ́ | ɛ̝̀ː |
| ḙ̑ | ɛ̝́ː | ||
| ê | ê | é | ɛ̀ː |
| ȇ | ɛ́ː | ||
| á | á | á | àː |
| ȃ | áː | ||
| ô | ô | ó | ɔ̀ː |
| ȏ | ɔ́ː | ||
| ô / ó | ō̭ | ó̭ | ɔ̝̀ː |
| ȏ̭ | ɔ̝́ː | ||
| ó | ó | ọ́ | òː |
| ọ̑ | óː | ||
| ú | ú | ú | ùː |
| ȗ | úː |
| In a word | Non-tonal | Tonal | IPA |
|---|---|---|---|
| ì | ì | ȉ | í |
| è | ḙ | ḙ̏ | ɛ̝́ |
| è | ȅ | ɛ́ | |
| è / ə̀ | ə̀ | ə̀ | ə̀ |
| ə̏ | ə́ | ||
| à / ʌ̀ | à / ʌ̀ | ȁ / ʌ̏ | á |
| ò | ò | ȍ | ɔ́ |
| o̭ | ȍ̭ | ɔ̝́ | |
| ù | ù | ȕ | ú |
| ŕ / r̀ | ə̀r | ə̀r | ə̀ɾ |
| ə̏r | ə́ɾ | ||
| ĺ | ə̀l | ə̏l | ə́l |
| In a word | Non-tonal | Tonal | IPA |
|---|---|---|---|
| i | i | i | i |
| e | ḙ | ḙ | ɛ̝ |
| e | e | ɛ | |
| e / ə | ə | ə | ə |
| a | a | a | a |
| o | o | o | ɔ |
| o̭ | o̭ | ɔ̝ | |
| u | u | u | u |
| r | ər | ər | əɾ |
| n | ən | ən | ən |
| m | əm | əm | əm |
| In a word | Non-tonal | Tonal | IPA |
|---|---|---|---|
| j | j | j | j |
| v / u / l / ł | u̯ | u̯ | w / u̯ |
| SNPT | IPA | SNPT | IPA | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| m | m | t | t̪ | |
n
|
ɱ | T | t̪ⁿ | |
| n | n̪ | ᵗ | t̪ˡ | |
| n’ | n̪ʲ | d | d̪ | |
| ŋ | ŋ | D | d̪ⁿ | |
| l | l | ᵈ | d̪ˡ | |
| l’ | lʲ | k | k | |
| r | ɾ / r | g | g | |
| j | j | č | t͡ʃ | |
| v | ʋ | dž | d͡ʒ | |
| v | s | s | ||
| w | w | z | z | |
| ʍ | ʍ | š | ʃ | |
| p | p | ž | ʒ | |
| P | pⁿ | c | t͡s | |
| ᴘ | p̪ | dz | d͡z | |
| b | b | f | f | |
| ʙ | b̪ | h | x | |
| B | bⁿ | ɣ | ɣ |
Notes:
- ḙ̄ and ō̭ are in a word usually marked with ^, but few dictionaries mark them with acute accent.
- ʌ̀ is preferred to à if following the Jurgec vowel system.
- An acute accent is placed on r in a word if it is followed by a consonant that is in the same morpheme.
- ĺ is only present in Vltava.
- u̯ is in a word written with u only in some old Slavic words, such as nauk "moral" and is usually transcribed into IPA as [w], but the distinction between the semivowel and consonant is then lost, so u̯ʷ, or simply u̯ is favored.
- On computers, ɱ can be used to represent
.
| Mark | Position | Use |
|---|---|---|
| ` | above | Denotes short vowel; it also denotes an open-mid or a mid vowel when combined with e and o. |
| ´ | above | Denotes long vowel; it also denotes a close-mid vowel when combined with e and o.
Exception is when combined with r or l (see above) |
| ^ | above | Denotes long open-mid vowel. |
| below | Denotes mid vowel and can only be combined with e and o. | |
| ¯ | above | Denotes long vowel and can only be combined with ḙ and o̭. Can also be present on consonants. |
| Mark | Position | Use |
|---|---|---|
| ` | above | Denotes short vowel and low pitch.
It is only combined with ə. |
| ̏ | above | Denotes short vowel and high pitch. |
| ´ | above | Denotes long vowel and low pitch. |
| ̑ | above | Denotes long vowel and high pitch. |
| ¯ | above | Denotes that both pitches are allowed.
It is usually reserved only for long vowels. Can also be present on consonants. |
| ̣ | below | It denotes a close-mid vowel. |
| ^ | below | It denotes a mid vowel. |
The different letters for nasal and lateral stops were only added later and are only rarely used (the usual p, b, t, and d are used).
Logar and Ramovš transcription[edit]
The Logar transcription is the full new national phonetic transcription and the Ramovš transcription is the "old" one, both of which can also be used for all Slovene dialects and Alpine Slavic.[1] Logar transcription was designed by Valentin Logar and used in his works. It was implemented mainly because Ramovš transcription was not standardized and to make national transcription more similar to the International Phonetic Alphabet. However, it failed to do that and both transcriptions are in use today.
The transcriptions used for written Slovene are a simplification of these two transcriptions; the letters stayed the same, apart from those added later, and the diacritical marks mimicked the ones from Ramovš transcription, but some were also changed and added.
The transcriptions really detail some sounds, and is therefore more appropriate to use for Slovene dialects than IPA and does not have a perfect IPA substitute for every letter.
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Notes:
- Letters marked with * are not part of the standard transcription.
- Both Logar and Ramovš used č́, ǯ́, š́, and ž́, however it is unknown whether they are palatal or only palatalized and what is the difference between them and palatalized č and ǯ, or palatal ć, ʒ́, ś, and ź.
- IPA transcriptions followed by a question mark are presumed; there was not enough research done to fully determine the transcription.
- The IPA transcriptions given are exact. When writing pronunciation generally, not all diacritics have to be used.
- On computers, V̔ can be used to represent
.
References[edit]
- ^ a b c Logar, Valentin "Tine" (1996). Kenda-Jež, Karmen (ed.). Dialektološke in jezikovnozgodovinske razprave [Dialectological and etymological discussions] (in Slovenian). Ljubljana: Znanstvenoraziskovalni center SAZU, Inštitut za slovenski jezik Frana Ramovša. pp. VII–XV. ISBN 961-6182-18-8.
- ^ Slovar slovenskega knjižnega jezika: SSKJ 2 (in Slovenian). Ljubljana: Znanstvenoraziskovalni center SAZU, Inštitut za slovenski jezik Frana Ramovša. 2015. pp. 40–41. ISBN 978-961-282-010-7. Archived from the original on 2022-03-18. Retrieved 2022-03-19.
- ^ a b c d e "Pravila" [Grammatical Rules] (PDF). ePravopis slovenskega knjižnega jezika (in Slovenian). Ljubljana: Znanstvenoraziskovalni center SAZU, Inštitut za slovenski jezik Frana Ramovša. 2014. pp. 69–81. Archived from the original on 2022-01-21. Retrieved 2022-03-19.
- ^ Kenda-Jež, Karmen (February 27, 2017). "Fonetična trankripcija" [Phonetic transcription] (PDF). Slovenski lingvistični atlas (in Slovenian). Znanstvenoraziskovalni center SAZU, Inštitut za slovenski jezik Frana Ramovša. pp. 27–30. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 22, 2022. Retrieved March 19, 2022.