Highland Rape

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Two mannequins seen from a low angle. The left mannequin wears an outfit made from black lace, with the centre of the chest exposed and red underwear visible underneath on the pelvis. The right mannequin wears a sleeveless green leather sheath dress with an open slash over the breast area.
Outfits from Highland Rape, Autumn/Winter 1995–96, presented at Alexander McQueen: Savage Beauty

Highland Rape is the sixth collection by British designer Alexander McQueen for his eponymous fashion house. Like many of McQueen's early collections, this collection featured untraditional women's tailoring heightening the models' figures and sexuality. Although very poorly received critically and publicly, the Highland Rape is one of McQueen's most famous shows that solidified his name in the fashion world.[1][2] The runway show was presented on March 13 of 1995 during London Fashion Week as his 1995 Autumn/Winter collection.[3][4] The collection was dark and nationalistic, most notably epitomizing the McQueen house's use of Scottish tartan and the bumster trouser, designed to show as much of the torso as possible without showing all of the crotch or bum.[2][3][5][6]

Background[edit]

Alexander McQueen

Early life[edit]

British designer Alexander McQueen (born Lee Alexander McQueen) was known in the fashion industry for his imaginative and controversial designs and runway shows comparable to performance art pieces.[7] McQueen was born in England but is of Scottish descent, which quickly became an integral element of his work.[1] Much of his work revolves around his longtime fascinations and borderline obsessions with sex, death, violence, history, his family and their lineage.[2][8][9] All of these components stayed fundamental in his creative process and throughout his career, from his very first collection to his very last. McQueen's mother was a teacher and his father a taxi cab driver. He and his three siblings were raised in a troubled home, witnessing and experiencing domestic abuse, financial struggles and more in a less fortunate neighbourhood of London's East End.[8][9]

Early work[edit]

McQueen began working in fashion as an apprentice for Anderson & Sheppard tailors on Saville Row before working as a pattern maker for Gieves & Hawkes.[8][10] He worked in various positions in fashion throughout England and Italy for many years but his time working on Saville Row gave him his renowned reputation as an expert in tailoring.[7] In his early 20s, he approached the founder and teacher of the Central Saint Martins postgraduate fashion course, Bobby Hillson, in search of a job but was instead granted admission to the program.[1][11] From this he debuted his first collection, his graduate collection, Jack the Ripper Stalks His Victims catching the attention of British fashion editor Isabella Blow who would come purchase this entire collection and become his lifelong friend and muse.[1][8][9]

Concept and clothing[edit]

The Highland Rape collection is one of McQueen's most autobiographical collections and the first to significantly reference his family's Scottish heritage, introducing the McQueen family tartan in his designs.[12][13] McQueen's designs for the collection were inspired by two major events in Scottish history, the Jacobite risings and the Highland Clearances.[1] The Jacobite risings were a series of rebellions in Great Britain which occurred between 1689 and 1745, which saw supporters of the deposed House of Stuart attempt to restore a Stuart monarch to the British throne by overthrowing the House of Hanover.[14][15] The Highland Clearances were a series of forced evictions of a significant number of tenants in the Scottish Highlands by their landlords, which occurred mostly in two phases from 1750 to 1860.[16][17] McQueen's Scottish ancestors had been forcibly evicted during their Highland Clearances, which proved to be a source of inspiration for McQueen. Alongside the historical influences of the Jacobite risings and the Highland Clearances, McQueen derived inspiration for the collection from witnessing the domestic abuse his sister endured at the hands of her husband.[2][8][18] All concepts coming back to the violence enacted upon women of Scotland with his claimed intent of empowering them.

The collection featured tattered, stained and dirtied garments barely held together let alone covering much of the models' bodies.[1] Most pieces featured the McQueen family tartan, lace, sheer fabrics or knits in a primarily dark colour palette of blacks and greys with pops of reds and yellows taken from the family tartan and the rare blue, green or violet.[13] Nearly every piece was torn or cut-out in some way, in some cases looking very intentional and others looking completely unintentional. Even without the show setting, models' performance or movement, the clothes still convey an intense feeling of darkness, tragedy and horror.

One particularly memorable look was a dress made of a grey-green and bronze tarnished lace that hung on one shoulder.[5] The entire dress was ripped and cut with one notable cut-out sitting at the crotch making the garment appear as if it was about to fall apart at any moment.[5] It gave the idea that this woman had just been through great violence and brutality, a shocking and unsettling sight to an audience. Another particularly remarkable look was a simple, black, knit dress with a slim fit with one shocking element being an almost extreme v-neck featuring a torn slit from the top left shoulder to the middle of the torso revealing the model's entire breast.[2][19]

Finally, one look featured a McQueen tartan clad jacket with a lace-trimmed, high neck collar and a pair of ultra low waist presumably leather trousers deemed an Alexander McQueen trademark, the "bumster trouser".[1][2][5] The jacket did not come anywhere near covering more than the model's back, shoulders, neck and upper-arms leaving her front completely exposed. The now famous "bumster trousers" barely covered the model's genitals and revealed part of her buttcrack. McQueen commented on the creation of the style saying "I wanted to elongate the body, not just show the bum. To me, that part of the body—not so much the buttocks, but the bottom of the spine—that’s the most erotic part of anyone’s body, man or woman."[6] The style of pant was made famous in the Highland Rape but can be seen in the fashion house's collections decades later.[20]

Runway show[edit]

The runway show for Highland Rape took place on March 13 of 1995 at the National History Museum in London and was McQueen's first to be presented under the British Fashion Council during London Fashion Week.[3][4] The music is loud and inconsistent, at times experimental rock and others similar to house music with sounds of thunder and bells clanging.[2][19] The elevated runway was both covered and lined with what appears to be dead shrubs and flowers which the models walked over, kicking the decor up, getting caught on their shoes.[2][19] Every model was dressed and walking very differently, as one stumbled down the catwalk with a highly animated face of terror or anxiety and little to no clothing on the next model was walking classically and sophisticatedly with a well-tailored, clean cut sweater and trouser look on.[19] Some models imitated a military march with arms stiff and rigid, turning on the runway as if for inspection while others slinked down smoothly with a smirk on their face or even biting their lip seductively.[2][19] Some models nearly hit each other as they pass each other by, one exiting and one entering the stage and others almost walk through another as if they do not even see them.[19] In the end, all models return to the stage out of their assumed characters clapping and cheering as Alexander McQueen himself appeared briefly on the runway with all black contacts in before running off as the models followed behind him.[19]

Critical reception[edit]

“It thematises traumata in addition to the dialectics of pleasure and pain, eroticism and death, man and machine, love and brutality, victim and aggressor, as well as examining power and threat, desire and vulnerability”

Loschek, When Clothes Become Fashion: Design and Innovation Systems

The public reception of Highland Rape has almost always been negative, both at the time of release and many decades later.[2][3] While many praised him for it, many also attribute this show to sparking the longterm critiquing and labelling of McQueen being a misogynist. He forever denied this claim and took to defending Highland Rape saying that the title of the show did not refer to the rape of women but rather "England's rape of Scotland".[2] Fashion critics have challenged this defense by claiming that this explanation does not account for the show's blatant glamourisation of sexual violence against women and how it was never sure whether McQueen's depiction of women meant he was "for or against women".[2][21] The criticism of Highland Rape propelled his name forward in the fashion world becoming the new creative director of French fashion house Givenchy just one year after its debut.[22] This criticism reappeared throughout his entire career, often in relation to the good it did for his name. Although he was never able to escape it, it never seemed to tarnish the reputation of his talents.

References[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Highland Rape.
  1. ^ a b c d e f g Bolton, Andrew (2011). Alexander McQueen: Savage Beauty. Metropolitan Museum of Art. ISBN 978-1-58839-412-5.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Elenowitz-Hess, Caroline (27 November 2022). "Reckoning with Highland Rape: Sexuality, Violence, and Power on the Runway". Fashion Theory. 26 (3): 399–417. doi:10.1080/1362704X.2020.1846325. S2CID 229432510 – via Taylor & Francis Online.
  3. ^ a b c d Evans, Caroline (2023). Fashion at the Edge: Spectacle, Modernity and Deathliness. Yale University Press. pp. 141–143. ISBN 978-0300101928.
  4. ^ a b Fairer, R., & Wilcox, C. (2016). Alexander McQueen - Unseen. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-22267-8
  5. ^ a b c d Alexander McQueen Savage Beauty. Blog.metmuseum.org. (n.d.).
  6. ^ a b Sharkey, Alex (6 July 1996). "The real McQueen". The Guardian. pp. 39–41. Retrieved 11 May 2023.
  7. ^ a b "Six ways Alexander McQueen changed fashion". 12 February 2010. Retrieved 6 November 2023.
  8. ^ a b c d e Lionsgate. (2018). McQueen. United Kingdom.
  9. ^ a b c Savané, Mélissa Diaby (20 June 2021). "The fantasy of ugliness in Alexander McQueen collections (1992-2009)". Revista 2i: Estudos de Identidade e Intermedialidade. 3 (3): 95–108. doi:10.21814/2i.3157. ISSN 2184-7010.
  10. ^ Carvell, Nick (26 May 2016). "GQ Savile Row Guide: Alexander McQueen". British GQ. Retrieved 6 November 2023.
  11. ^ Wilson, A. (2016). Alexander McQueen: Blood Beneath the Skin. Simon & Schuster UK Ltd.
  12. ^ Faiers, J. (2011, June 30). McQueen and Tartan. The Metropolitan Museum of Art.
  13. ^ a b "Tartan Details - MacQueen". The Scottish Register of Tartans. Retrieved 6 November 2023.
  14. ^ Jacobite Risings. National Army Museum. (n.d.).
  15. ^ Who were the Jacobites and why did they rise?. National Library of Scotland. (n.d.).
  16. ^ Stewart, T. (2017, June 2). The Highland Clearances. Historic UK.
  17. ^ The Highland Clearances. The Scottish History Society. (n.d.).
  18. ^ Blanks, T. (n.d.). Alexander McQueen’s Controversial “Highland rape” Show. Vogue.
  19. ^ a b c d e f g Hurtado, L. (n.d.). Alexander McQueen - Autumn/Winter 1995. ARCHIVED.
  20. ^ The Alexander McQueen Bumster. AnOther. (2013, November 14).
  21. ^ Block, M. (2010, February 11). Alexander McQueen was a “cut above,” writer says. NPR.
  22. ^ "Alexander McQueen – an introduction · V&A". Victoria and Albert Museum. Retrieved 6 November 2023.
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