Welsh devolution

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Welsh home rule)
Senedd building

Welsh devolution is the transfer of legislative power for self-governance to Wales by the Government of the United Kingdom.[1]

Wales was conquered by England during the 13th century, with the Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542 applying English law to Wales and incorporating it into England, and later Great Britain and the United Kingdom.

A rise in Welsh nationalism and political movements advocating for Welsh autonomy became more prominent in the late nineteenth century. The devolution of some administrative responsibilities began in the early twentieth century, as well as the passing of laws specific to Wales. Since World War II, various movements and proposals have advocated different models of Welsh devolution. In 1979, a referendum on devolution was rejected by 79% of voters amid regional divisions and cultural concerns, but by 1997 support for devolution had increased and was narrowly supported in a referendum. Laws were subsequently passed to establish the National Assembly for Wales and grant it secondary legislative powers over areas such as agriculture, education and housing. The third referendum in 2011 saw voters support full primary law-making powers for the National Assembly over specified areas of governance. After the Senedd and Elections (Wales) Act 2020, the National Assembly was renamed "Senedd Cymru" (in Welsh) and the "Welsh Parliament" (in English) (also collectively referred to as the "Senedd"), which was seen as a better reflection of the body's expanded legislative powers.

The Welsh Labour Party advocates for further Welsh devolution and "far-reaching federalism" with powers equal to those of Scotland and Northern Ireland, whilst the Welsh nationalist party, Plaid Cymru has described devolution as a stepping stone towards full Welsh independence.

Incorporation of Wales into England[edit]

Wales was conquered by England during the 13th century and the last native prince of Wales, Llywelyn the Last, was killed in an ambush by an English soldier in 1282.[2] The 1284 Statute of Rhuddlan caused Wales to lose its de facto independence and formed the constitutional basis for it as a principality in the Realm of England.[3]

Owain Glyndŵr briefly restored Welsh independence in a national uprising that began in 1400. He convened Wales' first Senedd in Machynlleth in 1404, but the Welsh were defeated by the English by 1412.[4] The penal laws against the Welsh of 1401-02 passed by the English parliament made the Welsh second-class citizens. With hopes of independence ended, there were no further wars or rebellions against English rule and the laws remained on the statute books until 1624.[5]

The English Parliament's Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542 applied English law to Wales and united the Principality and the Marches of Wales, effectively abolishing both regions and incorporating Wales into England.[6][7] The Wales and Berwick Act 1746 defined "England" to include Wales.[8]

History[edit]

Home rule movement[edit]

Disestablishment of the Anglican church[edit]

The Sunday Closing (Wales) Act 1881 was the first legislation to acknowledge that Wales had a separate politico-legal character from the rest of the English state.[9] At the time, a majority of people in Wales belonged to noncomformists chapels despite members of the Church of England having legal and social privileges. The Sunday Closing Act was therefore celebrated in Wales as a significant step towards establishing equal status for the noncomformist chapels and disestablishing the Anglican church in Wales. Historian and former BBC Wales producer John Trefor suggests that the act "was a victory, not only for the chapels and the temperance leagues, but for Welsh identity. He goes on to say, "There was a sense that things could be done differently here. Wales-only Education and cemetery acts came soon after, and in many respects it established the principle on which devolution and the National Assembly are based."[10]

David Lloyd George

David Lloyd George, MP for Caernarfon at the time, was devoted to Welsh devolution early in his career, starting with the Church in Wales. He said in 1890; "I am deeply impressed with the fact that Wales has wants and inspirations of her own which have too long been ignored, but which must no longer be neglected. First and foremost amongst these stands the cause of religious liberty and equality in Wales. If returned to Parliament by you, it shall be my earnest endeavour to labour for the triumph of this great cause. I believe in a liberal extension of the principle of decentralisation."[11] In 1895, in a Church in Wales Bill which was ultimately unsuccessful, Lloyd George added an amendment in a discreet attempt at forming a sort of Welsh home rule, a national council for appointment of the Welsh Church commissioners.[12][13][14] The Welsh Church Act 1914 was passed giving the Church in Wales the freedom to govern its own affairs. After being suspended for the duration of the First World War, the Act came into effect from 1920.[15]

Home rule[edit]

In response to the Irish demand for "home rule", Liberal prime minister of the UK, William Gladstone proposed two bills on home rule for Ireland in 1886 and 1893, which both failed.[16] Although the idea of "home rule all round" had been around since the 1830s the idea became more popular in 1910 during the constitutional conference and on the brink of an Irish war during 1913–14.[17]

Llywelyn Williams set up the first Cymru Fydd branch on Welsh soil in Barry in 1891.[18]

Political movements supporting Welsh self-rule began in the late nineteenth century alongside a rise in Welsh nationalism.[19][20] In the same year as the first bill for Ireland was proposed, the Cymru Fydd (Wales To Be/Wales Will Be) movement was founded to further the home rule cause for Wales.[9] Lloyd George was one of the main leaders of Cymru Fydd which was an organisation created with the aim of establishing a Welsh Government[21] and a "stronger Welsh identity".[22] As such Lloyd George was seen as a radical figure in British politics and was associated with the reawakening of Welsh nationalism and identity, saying in 1880, "Is it not high time that Wales should have the powers to manage its own affairs".[23][24] Historian Emyr Price has referred to him as "the first architect of Welsh devolution and its most famous advocate’" as well as "the pioneering advocate of a powerful parliament for the Welsh people".[25] The first Cymru Fydd societies were set up in Liverpool and London in 1887 and in the winter the winter of 1886–7, the North and South Wales liberal federations were founded.[26] Lloyd George was also particularly active in attempting to set up a separate Welsh National Party which was based on Charles Stewart Parnell's Irish Parliamentary Party and also worked to unite the North and South Wales Liberal Federations with Cymru Fydd to form a Welsh National Liberal Federation.[27] The Cymru Fydd movement collapsed in 1896 amid personal rivalries and rifts between Liberal representatives such as David Alfred Thomas.[9][28] In 1898 however, David Lloyd George managed to form the Welsh National Liberal Council, a loose umbrella organisation covering the two federations.[29]

Support for home rule for Wales and Scotland amongst most political parties was strongest in 1918 following the independence of other European countries after the First World War, and the Easter Rising in Ireland, wrote Dr Davies.[30] Although Cymru Fydd had collapsed, home rule was still on the agenda, with liberal Joseph Chamberlain proposing "Home Rule All Round" for all nations of the United Kingdom, in part to meet Irish demands but maintain the superiority of the imperial parliament of Westminster. This idea which eventually fell out of favour after "southern Ireland" left the UK and became a dominion in 1921 and the Irish free state was established in 1922.[26] Home rule all round became official labour party policy, by he 1920s, but the Liberals lost interest because if a Welsh Parliament was formed they would not control it.[31]

Welsh institutions form[edit]

The late 19th century saw the formation of a number of national institutions; a national and annual cultural event, the National Eisteddfod of Wales in 1861,[32] the Football Association of Wales in 1876,[33] the Welsh Rugby Union in 1881[34] and the University of Wales in 1893.[35]

In 1896, Education in Wales began to become distinct with the formation of the Central Welsh Board which inspected grammar schools in Wales and The Welsh Intermediate Education Act 1889 was brought about to "make further provision for the intermediate and technical education of the inhabitants of Wales and the county of Monmouth.", making the board responsible for inspection of secondary schools.[36][37] In 1907, the Welsh department of the Board of Education was formed and in the same year, a Welsh Inspectorate was established for inspection of primary and secondary schools in Wales.[38]

The early 20th century also saw the continued formation of a number of Welsh national institutions; the National Library of Wales in 1911,[39] the Welsh Guards in 1915[40] and the Welsh Board of Health in 1919.[41] The Church in Wales came into existence in 1920 following the disestablishment of the Church of England via the Welsh Church Act 1914.[42]

Lewis Valentine, first president of Plaid Cymru.[43]

There had been discussions about the need for a "Welsh party" since the 19th century.[44] With the generation or so before 1922 there "had been a marked growth in the constitutional recognition of the Welsh nation", wrote historian Dr John Davies.[45] By 1924 there were people in Wales "eager to make their nationality the focus of Welsh politics".[46] In 1925 Plaid Genedlaethol Cymru ("the National Party of Wales") was founded; it was renamed Plaid Cymru – The Party of Wales in 1945. The party's principles defined in 1970 were (1) self government for Wales, (2) to safeguard the culture, traditions, language and economic position of Wales and (3) to secure membership for a self-governing Welsh state in the United Nations.[47]

Early members of the Independent Labour Party attempted to establish a South Wales Federation towards the end of the 19th century but the South Wales Regional Council of Labour was not established until 1937.[48] The UK Labour government elected in 1945 was strongly centrist, but in the same year, there were 15 UK Government departments established in Wales.[31][49] By 1947, a unified Welsh Regional Council of Labour became responsible for all Wales.[48] In 1959 the Labour council title was changed from "Welsh Regional council" to "Welsh council", and the Labour body was renamed Labour Party Wales in 1975.[48]

Council for Wales[edit]

Welsh Labour backbenchers such as D. R. Grenfell, W. H. Mainwaring and James Griffiths supported the establishment of a Secretary of State post whereas Aneurin Bevan thought devolution would distract from "British mainstream politics". The UK Government compromised and agreed to the establishment of a Council for Wales and Monmouthshire. However, it was given no more than a responsibility to advise the UK government on matters of Welsh interest.[50]

The proposal to set up a Council for Wales and Monmouthshire was announced in the House of Commons on 24 November 1948. Its inaugural meeting was in May 1949, and its first business meeting the following month. Its terms of reference were:

  • to meet from time to time and at least quarterly for the interchange of views and information on development and trends in the economic and cultural fields in Wales and Monmouthshire; and
  • to ensure the government is adequately informed of the impact of government activities on the general life of the people of Wales and Monmouthshire.[51]

The Council for Wales and Monmouthshire had 27 appointed members. Of these, 12 were nominated by Welsh local authorities; there were also nominees from the Joint Education Committee, the University of Wales, the National Eisteddfod Council, the Welsh Tourist and Holidays Board, and from both management and union sides of Welsh industry and agriculture.[52] The chairman was Huw T. Edwards, a trade union leader.[53] The Council met in private, a further source of controversy.[54] It set up various panels and committees to investigate issues affecting Wales, including a Welsh Language Panel to study and report upon the present situation of the language; a Government Administration Panel; an Industrial Panel; a Rural Development Panel; a Transport Panel; and a Tourist Industry Panel.[51]

A Plaid Cymru rally in Machynlleth in 1949 where the "Parliament for Wales in 5 years" campaign was started
Megan Lloyd George, leader of the Parliament for Wales campaign 1950–1956.

Parliament for Wales campaign[edit]

In the 1950s, the deterioration of the British Empire removed a sense of Britishness and there was a realisation that Wales was not as prosperous as south-east England and smaller European countries. Successive Conservative Party victories in Westminster led to suggestions that only through self-government could Wales achieve a government reflecting the votes of a Welsh electorate. The Tryweryn flooding was opposed by 125 local authorities and 27 of 36 Welsh MPs voted against the second reading of the bill with none voting for it. At the time, Wales had no Welsh office (introduced in 1964) or any devolution.[55] John Davies adds that the representatives of Wales were powerless under the political structure of the time, a core message of Plaid Cymru.[56] The Epynt clearance in 1940 has also been described as a "significant - but often overlooked - chapter in the history of Wales".[57]

Those in favour of a Welsh parliament paraded in Machynlleth (the place of Owain Glyndŵr's last Senedd) on 1 October 1949. Speakers and entertainment were also at the event.[58] From 1950 to 1956, Parliament for Wales campaign brought devolution back onto the political agenda. A cross-party campaign was led by Lady Megan Lloyd George, daughter of former Prime minister and campaigner for Welsh devolution, David Lloyd George who had passed away in 1945.[38][59] The Campaign for a Welsh parliament (Ymgyrch Senedd i Gymru) was formally launched on 1 July 1950, at a rally in Llandrindod. This event lead to the creation of a petition of 240,652 names calling for the establishment of a Welsh parliament, which was presented to the House of Commons by Megan Lloyd George in 1956.[58] This was rejected by the UK government. Petitions were also presented to the House of Commons for a Secretary of State for Wales which were also rejected.[59]

Welsh Office & Secretary of State for Wales[edit]

In the first half of the 20th century, a number of politicians had supported the creation of the post of Secretary of State for Wales as a step towards home rule for Wales. A post of Minister of Welsh Affairs was created in 1951 under the home secretary and was promoted to minister of state level in 1954.[20] In 1964, the UK Labour government formed a new office of the Secretary of State for Wales and in 1965 the Welsh Office was created which was run by the Secretary of State for Wales and which was responsible for implementing UK government policies in Wales.[20] In 1999 the Welsh Office made way for the National Assembly for Wales and staff from the Welsh office moved into the National Assembly.[60]

Official flag and capital city[edit]

The first official flag of Wales was created in 1953 for the coronation of Queen Elizabeth II. This "augmented" flag including the Royal badge of Wales was criticised in 1958 by "Gorsedd y Beirdd", a national Welsh group comprising Welsh literary figures and Welsh people of note. In 1959, likely in response to criticism, the Welsh flag was changed to a red Welsh dragon on a green and white background that remains the current flag of Wales today.[61]

1908 banner used by Cardiff & District Women's Suffrage Society
Welsh flag today featuring the Welsh dragon

On 21 December 1955, the Lord Mayor of Cardiff announced to a crowd that Cardiff was now the official capital of Wales following a vote the previous day by Welsh local authority members. Cardiff won the vote with 136 votes and Caernarfon came in second place with 11 votes. A campaign for Cardiff to become the capital city had been ongoing for 30 years prior to the vote. Historian James Cowan outlined some reasons why Cardiff was chosen which included; being the largest city in Wales with a population of 243,632, buildings in Cathays park such as City Hall and the National Museum of Wales among other reasons. Dr Martin Johnes, lecturer at Swansea University suggested that following the formation of the National Assembly for Wales in 1999, Cardiff became "a capital in a meaningful way, as the home of the Welsh government, whereas before, its capital status was irrelevant, it was just symbolic".[62]

First Plaid Cymru MP[edit]

Gwynfor Evans in 1951.

The leader of Plaid Cymru, Gwynfor Evans won the party's first-ever seat in Westminster in Carmarthen in 1966, which "helped change the course of a nation" according to Dr Martin Johnes of Swansea University. This, paired with the SNP's Winnie Ewing's winning a seat in Hamilton, Scotland in 1967 may have contributed to pressure on Labour prime minister Harold Wilson to form the Kilbrandon Commission.[63][64] This event may have also contributed to the passing of the Welsh Language Act 1967.[64] This act repealed a provision in the Wales and Berwick Act 1746 that the term "England" should include Wales, thus defining Wales to be a separate entity from England within the UK.[65][66] The legislation permitted the use of Welsh including in courts of law. The act was in part based upon the Hughes Parry Report from 1965. While the Welsh Courts Act in 1942 had previously allowed limited use of Welsh if defendants or plaintiffs had limited knowledge of English, the 1967 act was far more robust. While the act itself was quite limited, it had large symbolic importance.[66] In 1966, Emlyn Hooson convinced a majority of delegates to merge both the Welsh liberal federations into a single entity, forming the Welsh Liberal Party. The new party had far more authority, and gradually centralised the finances and policy of the party in Wales.[67]

National Assembly referendums[edit]

The UK Labour government introduced separate devolution bills for Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland in 1977 following the support for a Scottish parliament by the Kilbrandon Commission.[68] On St David's Day (March 1), 1979 Welsh devolution referendum was held on a National Assembly for Wales but came at the end of the Winter of Discontent in addition to "tribalism" divisions within Wales. According to John Morris, people in southern Wales were persuaded that the Assembly would be dominated by "bigoted Welsh-speakers from the north and the west" whilst in the northern Wales, people were persuaded that the Assembly would be dominated by Glamorgan County Council “Taffia”.[69] Richard Wyn Jones also suggests that suspicions of a secret elite of a "Taffia" or "crachach" may have affected the referendum results,“There was a perception amongst anti-devolutionists that devolution was some sort of plot by the establishment, by the crachach. Their [the anti-devolutionists’] idea that they were standing up for ‘the people’ was reinforced by 1979.” [70] Welsh voters voted against forming an Assembly, with 79.7% voting against and 20.3% who voting Yes. Meanwhile, Scotland had narrowly voted in favour of a Scottish parliament with 51.6% in favour.[68]

The Welsh Language Act 1993 provided a new law for public organisations in Wales to have bilingual schemes, which would be supervised by the Welsh Language Board. Some private sector companies including British Telecoms (BT) and British Gas had already included Welsh language schemes in company policies before this Act.[71]

In the 1980s, economic restructuring and market reforms by Margaret Thatcher are described as having brought social dislocation to parts of Wales, which was formerly described as having "the largest public sector west of the Iron Curtain".[72] A succession of non-Welsh Conservative Secretaries of State after 1987 was portrayed by opponents as 'colonial' and indicative of a 'democratic deficit'.[72]

In the early 1990s, Labour became committed to devolution to both Scotland and Wales, and in 1997 it was elected with a mandate to hold referendums on a Scottish Parliament and a Welsh Assembly.[72] The political climate was very different from that of 1979 Welsh devolution referendum which resulted in a no vote, with a new generation of Welsh MPs in Westminster and a broad consensus on the previously divisive issue of the Welsh language.[72] In the 1997 Welsh devolution referendum, a majority of the Welsh electorate vote in favour of establishing a National Assembly for Wales by 50.3 per cent, on a 50.2 per cent turnout.[73]

Devolved legislature (1998–present)[edit]

Senedd building, Cardiff Bay (formerly National Assembly for Wales).

The Government of Wales Act 1998 granted the formation of the National Assembly and granted it a significant number of new powers which included most of the powers previously held by the Secretary of State for Wales and at least 20 national institutions including the Education and Learning Wales, Environment Agency Wales and the Welsh Language Board.[74][75] The National Assembly for Wales was formed in 1999 and the UK Parliament reserved the right to set limits on its powers.[73]

Law making[edit]

The Commission on the Powers and Electoral Arrangements of the National Assembly for Wales (the Richard Commission) was formed in 2002. This commission made a series of recommendations in 2004. These included an increased number of members, legally separating executive and legislative acts and the devolution of primary law-making powers. A large majority of these findings were used by the UK government to introduce the Government of Wales Act 2006, describing the powers and responsibilities of the devolved authorities for legislating, decision-making and policy-making.[38] In March 2011, a referendum was held on whether full primary law-making powers should be given to the National Assembly in the twenty subject areas where it held jurisdiction. The referendum concluded with 63.5% of voters supporting the transfer of full primary law-making powers to the Assembly.[76]

Official country and language status[edit]

In 2011, the International Standards Organisation officially changed the status of Wales to country after the term "principality" was used in error. This came about following lobbying from Plaid Cymru AM (Assembly Member) Leanne Wood. Legally Wales had ceased to be a principality since the period that the Statue of Rhuddlan was implemented from 1284 to 1542.[77] The governments of the United Kingdom and of Wales almost invariably define Wales as a country.[78][79] VisitWales.com states that "Wales is not a Principality. Although we are joined with England by land, and we are part of Great Britain, Wales is a country in its own right."[80][81]

The Welsh Language (Wales) Measure 2011 modernised the 1993 Welsh Language Act and gave Welsh an official status in Wales for the first time, a major landmark for the language. Welsh is the only official de jure language of any country in the UK. The Measure was also responsible for creating the post of Welsh Language Commissioner, replacing the Welsh Language Board.[82] Following the referendum in 2011, the Official Languages Act became the first Welsh law to be created in 600 years, according to the First Minister at the time, Carwyn Jones. This law was passed by Welsh AMs (assembly members) only and made Welsh an official language of the National Assembly.[83]

Further powers[edit]

The UK Government also formed the Commission on Devolution in Wales (the Silk Commission). The commission published part 1 of its report in 2012, recommending new financial powers for Wales including borrowing and taxation, which came into force in the Wales Act 2014.[38] The Tax Collection and Management (Wales) Act 2016 was passed by the National Assembly to facilitate the financial powers of the Wales Act 2014.[38] The Land Transaction Tax (replacing Stamp Duty) and the Landfill Disposal Tax were the very first two devolved taxes. In 2019, over £2 billion of income tax was devolved to the Senedd.[38]

Hall and oriel of the Senedd building.

The Wales Act 2017 defined the National Assembly and devolved institutions to be a permanent component of the UK constitution, and any abolition of such institutions would require a referendum. The act also changed the model of operation of the devolved institutions from a "conferred powers model" to a "reserved powers model".[38] This allowed the Assembly to legislate on any matter that is not expressly reserved from its competence.[84] The Assembly was also given the power to decide its own name and voting system of members.[38] In May 2020, the Senedd and Elections (Wales) Act 2020, the National Assembly for Wales was renamed "Senedd Cymru" or "the Welsh Parliament", commonly known as the "Senedd" in both English and Welsh, to reflect increased legislative powers.[85] The Act for the first time in Wales allowed 16 and 17-year-olds the right to vote, beginning with the 2021 Senedd election.[86]

Plaid Cymru proposed two bills to the UK parliament in the 2021-22 parliamentary session which ultimately did not gain royal assent. A Crown Estate (Devolution to Wales) Bill - A bill to devolve the Crown Estate's management and assets in Wales to the Welsh Government was sponsored by Liz Saville Roberts.[87] Shared Prosperity Fund (Wales) Bill - A bill which would require the Secretary of State to report to Parliament on the merits of devolving management and administration of the money allocated to Wales via the Shared Prosperity Fund to the Welsh Government, was sponsored by Ben Lake.[88]

Currently devolved powers[edit]

The powers currently employed by the Senedd are, in summary:

  • Agriculture, forestry and fishing
  • Education
  • Environment
  • Health and social care
  • Housing
  • Local government
  • Highways and transport
  • Some control over income tax, stamp duty and landfill tax
  • Welsh language[89]

Government of Wales Act 1998[edit]

The Government of Wales Act 1998 allowed the creation of the National Assembly for Wales (now Senedd Cymru / Welsh Parliament) and also describes devolved powers given to the Senedd. These powers include most of the powers previously held by the Secretary of State for Wales and powers over multiple national institutions such as:

Government of Wales Act 2006[edit]

The Government of Wales Act 2006 separated the Welsh Assembly Government and the National Assembly for Wales and gives the assembly the power to create legislation on devolved matters in the following "fields":

  1. Agriculture, fisheries, forestry & rural development
  2. Ancient monuments & historic buildings
  3. Culture
  4. Economic development
  5. Education & training
  6. Environment
  7. Fire and rescue services & promotion of fire safety
  8. Food
  9. Health & health services
  10. Highways and transport
  11. Housing
  12. Local government
  13. National Assembly for Wales
  14. Public administration
  15. Social welfare
  16. Sport and recreation
  17. Tourism
  18. Town and country planning
  19. Water and flood defence
  20. Welsh language[91]

Wales Act 2014: Tax[edit]

The Wales Act 2014 allows the Senedd the following:

  1. Legislate devolved taxes. These revisions to devolution are added to Part 4A of the Government of Wales Act 2006.
  2. This Act also allows the Senedd to set income tax rates for Wales.
  3. Welsh Ministers’ borrowing powers. This includes powers to borrow funds and meet current expenditure (Welsh income tax vs forecast receipts).
  4. The power for borrowing in order to fund capital spending (with the consent of UK Treasury). This sum was increased from £500 million to £1 billion.

Other provisions include:

  • Increasing the Senedd term from 4 to 5 years
  • no restriction on standing as a Senedd constituency member and Senedd regional member
  • Prevents someone from being both an MP and MS
  • Welsh Assembly Government renamed Welsh Government
  • Local Government and Housing Act 1989: limits on housing debts incurred by local housing authorities in Wales with a Housing Revenue Account
  • Law Commission to provide advice and assistance to Welsh Ministers & Welsh ministers to report how Law Commission recommendations are implemented in Wales[92]

Wales Act 2017: Reserved Powers Model[edit]

The reserved powers model sets out the UK reserved powers that the Senedd are not permitted to apply an Act of Senedd to change. These are set out in the Wales Act 2017.

Powers not devolved

Schedule 7A - Reserved Matters

The following subject headings are listed in the new Schedule 7A which contains all of the matters that are reserved to the UK Parliament.

Part 1 – General Reservations

  • The Constitution
  • Public service
  • Political parties
  • Single legal jurisdiction of England and Wales
  • Tribunals
  • Foreign affairs etc.
  • Defence

Part 2 – Specific Reservations

Head A – Financial and Economic Matters

Section A1 – Fiscal, economic and monetary policy

Section A2 – The currency

Section A3 – Financial services

Section A4 – Financial markets

Section A5 – Dormant accounts

Head B – Home Affairs

Section B1 – Elections

Section B2 – Nationality and immigration

Section B3 – National security and official secrets

Section B4 – Interception of communications, communications data and surveillance

Section B5 – Crime, public order and policing

Section B6 – Anti-social behaviour

Section B7 – Modern slavery

Section B8 – Prostitution

Section B9 – Emergency powers

Section B10 – Extradition

Section B11 – Rehabilitation of offenders

Section B12 – Criminal records

Section B13 – Dangerous items

Section B14 – Misuse of and dealing in drugs or psychoactive substances

Section B15 – Private security

Section B16 – Entertainment and late night refreshment

Section B17 – Alcohol

Section B18 – Betting, gaming and lotteries

Section B19 – Hunting

Section B20 – Scientific and educational procedures on live animals

Section B21 – Lieutenancies

Section B22 – Charities and fund-raising

Head C – Trade and Industry

Section C1 – Business associations and business names

Section C2 – Insolvency and winding up

Section C3 – Competition

Section C4 – Intellectual property

Section C5 – Import and export control

Section C6 – Consumer protection

Section C7 – Product standards, safety and liability

Section C8 – Weights and measures

Section C9 – Telecommunications and wireless telegraphy

Section C10 – Post

Section C11 – Research Councils

Section C12 – Industrial development

Section C13 – Protection of trading and economic interests

Section C14 – Assistance in connection with exports of goods and services

Section C15 – Water and sewerage

Section C16 – Pubs Code Adjudicator and the Pubs Code

Section C17 – Sunday trading

Head D – Energy

Section D1 – Electricity

Section D2 – Oil and gas

Section D3 – Coal

Section D4 – Nuclear energy

Section D5 – Heat and cooling

Section D6 – Energy conservation

Head E – Transport

Section E1 – Road transport

Section E2 – Rail transport

Section E3 – Marine and waterway transport etc.

Section E4 – Air transport

Section E5 – Transport security

Section E6 – Other matters

Head F – Social Security, Child Support, pensions and Compensation

Section F1 – Social security schemes

Section F2 – Child Support

Section F3 – Occupational and Personal Pensions

Section F4 – Public sector compensation

Section F5 – Armed forces compensation etc.

Head G – Professions

Section G1 – Architects, auditors, health professionals and veterinary surgeons

Head H – Employment

Section H1 – Employment and industrial relations

Section H2 – Industrial training boards

Section H3 – Job search and support

Head J – Health, Safety and Medicines

Section J1 – Abortion

Section J2 – Xenotransplantation

Section J3 – Embryology, surrogacy and genetics

Section J4 – Medicines, medical supplies, biological substances etc.

Section J5 – Welfare foods

Section J6 – Health and safety

Head K – Media, Culture and Sport

Section K1 – Media

Section K2 – Public lending right

Section K3 – Government Indemnity Scheme

Section K4 – Property accepted in satisfaction of tax

Section K5 – Sports grounds

Head L – Justice

Section L1 – The legal profession, legal services and claims management services

Section L2 – Legal aid

Section L3 – Coroners

Section L4 – Arbitration

Section L5 – Mental capacity

Section L6 – Personal data

Section L7 – Information rights

Section L8 – Public sector information

Section L9 – Public records

Section L10 – Compensation for persons affected by crime and miscarriages of justice

Section L11 – Prisons and offender management

Section L12 – Family relationships and children

Section L13 – Gender recognition

Section L14 – Registration of births, deaths and places of worship

Head M – Land and Agricultural Assets

Section M1 – Registration of land

Section M2 – Registration of agricultural charges and debentures

Section M3 – Development and buildings

Head N – Miscellaneous

Section N1 – Equal opportunities

Section N2 – Control of weapons

Section N3 – Ordnance Survey

Section N4 – Time

Section N5 – Outer space

Section N6 – Antarctica

Section N7 – Deep sea bed mining

Schedule 7B: Restrictions

Schedule 7B sets out certain restrictions on the Senedd’s powers. For example, Acts of the Senedd:

  • must not generally modify the law on reserved matters;
  • must not modify private law (such as contract, tort, property) unless it is for a devolved purpose,
  • must not modify certain criminal offences (such as serious offences against the person and any sexual offences) and must not modify certain rules around criminal law (such as the age a person can commit a criminal offence and the meaning of dishonesty);
  • must not modify certain enactments such as the Human Rights Act 1998 and the Civil Contingencies Act 2004;
  • must not modify any of the 2006 Act unless an exception applies;
  • must not confer or impose functions on reserved authorities (such as Ministers of the Crown, the Crown Prosecution Service and the Health & Safety Executive) without the consent of the UK Government.

Senedd, "Powers"[93]

Proposed further devolution[edit]

The following options have been proposed as a systematic and constitutional change to autonomy in Wales by The Independent Commission on the Constitutional Future of Wales.

  1. Entrenched devolution
  2. Federal structures
  3. Independence[94]

Among calls for specific matters to be devolved to Wales are powers over; Broadcasting,[95] the Crown Estate in Wales[96] and natural resources,[97] Shared Prosperity Fund,[98] bank holidays,[99] energy firm taxation & regulation,[100] gender self-identification,[101] the justice system,[102] rail infrastructure,[103] setting rates and bands of all income tax,[104] welfare system and full taxation powers.[105]

Restrictions by UK government[edit]

The UK Parliament passed the UK Internal Market Act in 2020 which "directly constrains devolution" according to the Scottish Government. The actions of the Act are described in a report by Scottish MSP, Michael Russell, Cabinet Secretary for Constitution, Europe and External Affairs; The act allows goods sold in one part of the UK to be automatically accepted in the rest of the UK, despite differing devolved rules. The act can also cause the regulation of service in one part of the UK to be recognised across the whole UK. The act allows UK ministers to spend on devolved policies without the approval of the devolved parliament.[106]

The Welsh Government has voiced concerns over the United Kingdom Internal Market Act 2020, passed by the UK Parliament, describing its passing as an "attack on its competence". It launched a request for judicial review of the act, which was rejected on the ground of being premature by the divisional court. As of February 2022, the Welsh government awaited an appeal of the divisional court's decision.[107]

Assessment of devolution[edit]

Ron Davies, former secretary of state for Wales and described as the architect of devolution said in 2022, "One thing which I know is lacking is an overarching sense of wanting to create a better way, of wanting to shape our own destiny. I don't see that." His deputy, Peter Hain said "We need to do what we all say we want to do, which is create a more vibrant, competitive, successful Wales economically. But it does mean some pretty tough decisions." Former leader of Plaid Cymru, Dafydd Wigley stated "We have yet to see the election in Wales, changing the colour of a government. And democracy in Wales will not have been properly tested until that happens." Originally the leader of the No campaign in the 90s, Conservative Nick Bourne now supports more members for the Senedd "We need more members. It's got expanded powers, it's the settled will of the people that we have a Welsh parliament, and that's got to be effective, so by all means, be concerned about value for money, we should be, as any political party should be, but in terms of is it a good idea then the personal view is we need more members."[108]

Economic impact[edit]

In a report for the Institute of Welsh Affairs in 2003, Phil Cooke of Cardiff University argued that the Welsh Government had responded to the loss of productivity in manufacturing by substituting new jobs in the public sector, making Wales increasingly dependent on fiscal transfers from Whitehall. Cooke suggested that a relatively weak devolution settlement had prevented the Welsh Government from developing innovative economic policies, especially when compared to Scotland.[109] However, critics including former Welsh Secretary Ron Davies and John Lovering, another Cardiff academic, claimed that Cooke's argument that a more powerful Assembly was a necessary precondition to more effective economic policies was a non-sequitur.[110]

In 2005, Plaid Cymru leader Ieuan Wyn Jones suggested that the lack of tax varying powers in Wales was a major reason why Wales did not have its own Celtic Tiger and that growth strategy should not be focused only on cities.[111] Plaid Cymru have also argued that economic dividend can only be achieved with Welsh independence.[112]

Jonathan Bradbury and Andrew Davies published an article in the National Institute Economic Review in January 2023 criticising both the Welsh government and UK government economic policies for Wales. They note that Wales had one of the weakest economies of the UK prior to devolution. They also noted views that the UK government remained in control of macro-economic powers; lacked regional economic policy; and a lack of devolution to the Welsh government to make a real difference. They also note the view of some that the historic exploitation of Wales and its treatment as an economic periphery plays have implications today. They added that Wales' economic performance has not progressed under devolution with weakness in Welsh government strategy and policy and that the dissolution of the Wales Development Agency remains a topic of debate.[112]

Political party position on devolution[edit]

Welsh Labour and the Welsh Liberal Democrats support further devolution for Wales, as well as reform/federalism of the United Kingdom.[113][114] Plaid Cymru supports further devolution for Wales as well as independence.[115][116] Wales Green Party and Gwlad also both support Welsh independence whilst Propel supports national sovereignty for Wales.[117][118][119] The Welsh Conservatives support the devolution system as it currently stands.[120] The UK Independence Party and Abolish the Welsh Assembly Party both support reduced or the abolishment of devolution.[120]

Referendum results and opinion polling[edit]

Referendums on devolution
Date Conducted Question/Statement Support
Devolution (%)
Against
Devolution (%)
Turnout (%)
3 March 2011[121] Do you want the Assembly now to be able to make laws on all matters in the 20 subject areas it has powers for? 63.5 36.5 35.2
18 September 1997[122] (i) I agree that there should be a Welsh Assembly; or

(ii) I do not agree that there should be a Welsh Assembly

50.3 49.7 51.3
1 March 1979 [123] Do you want the provisions of the Wales Act 1978 to be put into effect? 20.3 79.7 58.8

Polls on devolution status[edit]

Polls on powers[edit]

Note: On 4 March 2011, 63.5% voted to devolve primary lawmaking powers for the areas already devolved to the Senedd.[124]

Constitutional status polls
Date(s) conducted Polling organisation Support
independence (%)
Support more
powers for
the Senedd (%)
Support
status quo (%)
Support fewer
powers for
the Senedd (%)
Support abolition
of the Senedd (%)
Indifferent/
don't know (%)
Combined total:
more powers (%)
Combined total:
no more powers (%)
5-25 June 2023[125] Beaufort Research / WalesOnline 16 23 25 6 17 13 39 48
12-17 May 2023[126] YouGov / Barn Cymru 13 21 20 7 20 16 34 47
3-7 February 2023[127] YouGov / Barn Cymru 15 20 21 7 20 16 35 50
25 November - 1 December 2022[128] YouGov / Barn Cymru 14 21 23 7 20 14 35 50
20-22 September 2022[128] YouGov 17 19 21 7 19 15 36 47
28 January – 21 February 2021[129] BBC / ICM Unlimited 14 35 27 3 15 6 49 45
4–22 February 2020[130] BBC / ICM 11 43 25 2 14 3 54 41
7–23 February 2019[131] BBC / ICM 7 46 27 3 13 4 53 43
December 2018[132] SkyData 8 40 23 4 18 7 48 45
February 2017[133] BBC / ICM 6 44 29 3 13 4 50 45
31 January 2017 Wales Act 2017 is passed
February 2016[134] BBC / ICM 6 43 30 3 13 4 49 46
February 2015[135] BBC / ICM 6 40 33 4 13 4 46 50
17 December 2014 Wales Act 2014 passed
19-22 September 2014[136] BBC / ICM 3 49 26 2 12 6 52 40
18 September 2014 2014 Scottish independence referendum
February 2014[137] BBC / ICM 5 37 28 3 23 5 42 54
2013[138] BBC / ICM 9 36 28 2 20 4 45 50
2012[138] BBC / ICM 7 36 29 2 22 4 43 55
2011[138] BBC / ICM 11 35 18 17 15 4 46 50
3 March 2011 2011 Welsh devolution referendum
January 2011[139] ITV Wales / YouGov n/a 49 26 n/a n/a 26 n/a n/a
2010[138] BBC / ICM 11 40 13 18 13 4 51 44
June 2007[139] BBC / ICM n/a 47 44 n/a n/a 9 n/a n/a

Polls on parliament[edit]

Polls on devolved parliament
Question: Should Wales Have Its Own Parliament?
Date published Publisher Yes Parliament (%) No Parliament (%) Do not know (%) Lead
23–24 March 2024 Redfield & Wilton Strategies 55 32 13 23
18 February 2024 Redfield & Wilton Strategies 55 34 11 21
24–26 January 2024 Redfield & Wilton Strategies 59 32 9 27
10–11 December 2023 Redfield & Wilton Strategies 60 30 10 30
12–13 November 2023 Redfield & Wilton Strategies 55 33 11 22
14–15 October 2023 Redfield & Wilton Strategies 58 32 10 26
16–17 September 2023 Redfield & Wilton Strategies 65 22 13 43
13–14 August 2023 Redfield & Wilton Strategies 60 28 12 32
14–16 July 2023 Redfield & Wilton Strategies 66 27 8 39
17–18 June 2023 Redfield & Wilton Strategies 61 30 9 31
14–15 May 2023 Redfield & Wilton Strategies 63 28 10 35
15–17 April 2023 Redfield & Wilton Strategies 63 25 12 38

Other[edit]

Polls on devolved powers
Date Published Publisher Question/Statement Disagree with removing powers (%) Agree with removing powers (%)
2021[140] UK in a Changing Europe

Using Welsh Election Study (WES) data in a report "British Politics after Brexit".

Brexit should not be used as an excuse to undermine the Senedd VS The UK Government is right to remove powers from the Senedd if it is necessary to maximise Brexit benefits 71 29
Polls on the status of the Senedd
Date(s) conducted Polling organisation Question/Statement Support devolution
(excluding don't know) (%)
Abolish the Senedd
(excluding don't know) (%)
Do not know (%) Abstain / Would not vote (%)
19 – 22 February 2021[141] YouGov If there was a referendum tomorrow on abolishing the Senedd (Welsh Parliament) and this was the question, how would you vote? Should Wales abolish the Senedd (Welsh Parliament)? 45 (62) 28 (38) 17 10
1997[142] The Guardian / ICM On establishing a National Assembly for Wales 37 (51) 36 (49) 27 n/a
Polls on increased devolved powers
Date(s) cConducted Polling organisation Question/Statement Age 18-24 Yes:No (%) Age 25-49 Yes:No (%) Age 50-64 Yes:No (%) Age 65+

Yes:No (%)

Yes (%, excluding don't know) No (%, excluding don't know) Do not know (%) Abstain / Would not vote (%) Refused
11–16 November 2020[143] YouGov If there was a referendum tomorrow on the transferring of more powers to the Senedd (Welsh Parliament), including control of tax and welfare, but excluding defence and foreign affairs, how would you vote? Should more powers be transferred to the Senedd (Welsh Parliament)? 55:12 41:15 40:39 32:43 40 (59) 28 (41) 20 10 3
Polls in the absence of devolution, by political party
Date(s) cConducted Polling organisation & client Sample size Independence (inc. sub-samples) No devolved government (inc. sub-samples) Indifferent

/ no reply (%)

Total (%) Conservative (%) Labour (%) Lib Dem (%) Plaid Cymru (%) Total (%) Conservative (%) Labour (%) Lib Dem (%) Plaid Cymru (%)
29 May – 1 June 2020 ITV Wales / YouGov / Cardiff Uni Archived 2020-09-04 at the Wayback Machine 1,021 33% 12% 45% 39% 87% 45% 79% 35% 53% 4% 21%

References[edit]

  1. ^ "Devolution: A beginner's guide". 2010-04-29. Retrieved 2022-02-01.
  2. ^ Gower, John (2013). The Story of Wales. BBC Books. pp. 119–120.
  3. ^ Jones, Francis (1969). The Princes and Principality of Wales. University of Wales P. ISBN 978-0-900768-20-0.
  4. ^ Gower, John (2013). The Story of Wales. BBC Books. pp. 137–146.
  5. ^ Jenkins, Geraint (2007). A Concise History of Wales. pp. 107–119.
  6. ^ "BBC Wales - History - Themes - The 1536 Act of Union". www.bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 2022-02-09.
  7. ^ "Laws in Wales Act 1535 (repealed 21.12.1993)".
  8. ^ "The Welsh language Act of 1967". BBC. 2012-07-26. Retrieved 2022-02-09.
  9. ^ a b c The Welsh Academy Encyclopaedia of Wales, Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 2008
  10. ^ "130 years since Sunday drinking was banned in Wales". BBC News. 2011-08-04. Retrieved 2023-01-13.
  11. ^ "OLCreate: CYM-WH_E1 Sources for Unit 8: Source 8F". www.open.edu. Retrieved 2022-03-01.
  12. ^ "OLCreate: CYM-WH_E1 Sources for Unit 8: Source 8Ji". www.open.edu. Retrieved 2022-03-05.
  13. ^ "OLCreate: CYM-WH_E1 Sources for Unit 8: Source 8Jii". www.open.edu. Retrieved 2022-03-05.
  14. ^ Doe, Norman (January 2020). "The Welsh Church Act 1914: A Century of Constitutional Freedom for the Church in Wales?". Ecclesiastical Law Journal. 22 (1): 2–14. doi:10.1017/S0956618X19001674. S2CID 213980589.
  15. ^ "Volume I: Prefatory Note". Church in Wales. Retrieved 2022-03-01.
  16. ^ "Two home rule Bills".
  17. ^ Kendle, J. E. (Jun 1968). "VI. The Round Table Movement and 'Home Rule All Round'". The Historical Journal. 11 (2): 332–353. doi:10.1017/s0018246x00002041. ISSN 0018-246X. S2CID 159471230.
  18. ^ "'A PROVED AND LOYAL FRIENDSHIP': THE DIARY OF W. LLEWELYN WILLIAMS MP, 1906-15" (PDF).
  19. ^ Pilkington, Colin (2002). Devolution in Britain today. Manchester University Press. pp. 35–38. ISBN 978-0-7190-6075-5.
  20. ^ a b c "History of devolution". senedd.wales. Retrieved 2022-01-31.
  21. ^ Jones, J G. (1 January 1990). "Alfred Thomas's National Institution (Wales) Bills of 1891-92". Welsh History Review. 15 (1): 218–239. ProQuest 1310503225.
  22. ^ "BBC Wales - History - Themes - Cymru Fydd - Young Wales".
  23. ^ "Unit 8 David Lloyd George and the destiny of Wales: View as single page".
  24. ^ "Yes or No? The Welsh Devolution Referendum". National Library of Wales Blog. 2022-02-28. Retrieved 2022-03-05.
  25. ^ David Lloyd George (Celtic Radicals). University of Wales Press. 2005. p. 208.
  26. ^ a b """Home Rule all round": Experiments in Regionalising Great Britain, 1886-1914." Political Reform in Britain, 1886 - 1996: Themes, Ideas, Policies. Eds. Jordan, Ulrike; Kaiser, Wolfram. Bochum: Universitätsverlag Dr. N. Brockmeyer. 169 - 192. Arbeitskreis Deutsche England-Forschung 37" (PDF).
  27. ^ "BBC Wales - History - Themes - David Lloyd George". www.bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 2022-03-01.
  28. ^ "Wales | Vol, V no. 8/9 | 1945 | Cylchgronau Cymru – Llyfrgell Genedlaethol Cymru" (in Welsh). National Library of Wales. Retrieved 4 December 2020.
  29. ^ Alderton, Nicholas. "The formation of the Welsh Liberal Party, 1966-1967" (PDF). Political Studies Association. Retrieved 10 April 2019.
  30. ^ Davies (1994) pp. 523
  31. ^ a b "BBC Wales - History - Themes - Chapter 22: A new nation". www.bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 2023-01-13.
  32. ^ "BBC Wales - Eisteddfod - Guide - A brief history of the Eisteddfod". www.bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 2022-02-04.
  33. ^ "FAW / Who are FAW?". www.faw.cymru. Retrieved 2022-02-04.
  34. ^ "140 Years of the Welsh Rugby Union". Welsh Rugby Union | Wales & Regions. Retrieved 2022-02-04.
  35. ^ "History of the University of Wales - University of Wales". www.wales.ac.uk. Retrieved 2022-02-04.
  36. ^ "The Welsh Intermediate Education Act, 1889". BBC. 2013-08-12. Retrieved 2022-02-04.
  37. ^ Records of the Welsh Department and successors. Board of Education, Board of Education, Welsh Department, Department of Education and Science, Education Office for Wales, Department of Education and Science, Welsh Education Office, Education Department, Ministry of Education, Welsh Department. 1880–1983.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  38. ^ a b c d e f g h "History of devolution". senedd.wales. Retrieved 2022-02-01.
  39. ^ "History of the Building | The National Library of Wales". www.library.wales. Retrieved 2022-02-04.
  40. ^ "Welsh Guards". www.army.mod.uk. Retrieved 2022-02-04.
  41. ^ Records of the Welsh Board of Health. Welsh Board of Health. 1919–1969.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  42. ^ "Welsh Church Act 1914".
  43. ^ "Fire in Llŷn". Peoples Collection Wales. Retrieved 2023-01-27.
  44. ^ Davies (1994) pp. 415, 454
  45. ^ Davies (1994) pp. 544
  46. ^ Davies (1994) pp. 547
  47. ^ Lutz, James M. (1981). "The Spread of the Plaid Cymru: The Spatial Impress". The Western Political Quarterly. 34 (2): 310–328. doi:10.2307/447358. ISSN 0043-4078. JSTOR 447358.
  48. ^ a b c "Labour Party Wales Archives - National Library of Wales Archives and Manuscripts". archives.library.wales. Retrieved 2023-01-13.
  49. ^ Torrence, David (2022). Devolution in Wales: "A process, not an event" (PDF). House of Commons Library. p. 9.
  50. ^ John Davies, A History of Wales, Penguin, 1993, ISBN 0-14-028475-3
  51. ^ a b Archives, The National. "The Discovery Service". discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk.
  52. ^ "COUNCIL FOR WALES (MEMBERSHIP) (Hansard, 26 April 1949)". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). 26 April 1949.
  53. ^ "Archives Network Wales: Council for Wales and Monmouthshire records". Archived from the original on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2022-06-04.
  54. ^ "WALES (COUNCIL) (Hansard, 20 January 1949)". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). 20 January 1949.
  55. ^ "Public Policy and Normative Language: Utility, Community and Nation in the Debate over the Construction of Tryweryn Reservoir". academic.oup.com. Retrieved 2023-04-09.
  56. ^ John, Davies (1994). A History of Wales. Penguin. p. 664.
  57. ^ "Epynt: A lost community". www.nfu-cymru.org.uk. Retrieved 2022-07-19.
  58. ^ a b "Watch Rali Senedd i Gymru, Machynlleth 1949". BFI Player. Retrieved 2022-02-01.
  59. ^ a b Jones, J Graham (1 December 1992). "THE PARLIAMENT FOR WALES CAMPAIGN, 1950-56". Welsh History Review. 16 (2): 207–236. ProQuest 1310498251.
  60. ^ "Key Events in the Development of the National Assembly for Wales" (PDF). 2009-01-07. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-01-07. Retrieved 2022-10-14.
  61. ^ "Wales history: Why is the red dragon on the Welsh flag?". BBC News. 2019-07-06. Retrieved 2022-02-23.
  62. ^ "Cardiff then and now: 60 years as capital city of Wales". BBC News. 2015-12-21. Retrieved 2022-02-10.
  63. ^ "Remembering Gwynfor Evans' by-election which changed Welsh history". The National Wales. Archived from the original on 2021-09-23. Retrieved 2022-03-10.
  64. ^ a b "Plaid Cymru's first MP 'helped change course of a nation'". BBC News. 2016-07-14. Retrieved 2022-03-10.
  65. ^ "The Constitution Series: 1 – Wales in the United Kingdom" (PDF). National Assembly for Wales. July 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 April 2016. Retrieved 6 April 2016.
  66. ^ a b "The Welsh language Act of 1967". BBC. 2012-07-26. Retrieved 2022-01-31.
  67. ^ Alderton, Nicholas. "The formation of the Welsh Liberal Party, 1966-1967" (PDF). Political Studies Association. Retrieved 10 April 2019.
  68. ^ a b "Welsh Referendum". www.bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 2022-02-10.
  69. ^ WalesOnline (2011-10-02). "Lord Morris of Aberavon lifts the lid on the disastrous 1979 devolution referendum". WalesOnline. Retrieved 2022-12-09.
  70. ^ Williamson, David (2009-03-05). "Spectre of the Taffia could still threaten hopes of a law-making Assembly". WalesOnline. Retrieved 2023-02-25.
  71. ^ "Q&A: New Welsh language legislation". BBC News. 2010-12-07. Retrieved 2022-02-03.
  72. ^ a b c d Balsom, Denis (2000). "Political Developments in Wales 1979–1997". In Balsom; Jones, Barry (eds.). The Road to the National Assembly for Wales. Cardiff: University of Wales Press.
  73. ^ a b Powys, Betsan (12 January 2010). "The long Welsh walk to devolution". BBC News website. BBC. Retrieved 26 September 2010.
  74. ^ "Government of Wales Act" (PDF).
  75. ^ Reynolds, David (2008). "New Labour, Education and Wales: The Devolution Decade". Oxford Review of Education. 34 (6): 753–765. doi:10.1080/03054980802519019. JSTOR 20462432. S2CID 144624435.
  76. ^ "Historic "Yes" vote gives Wales greater law-making powers | Welsh Government". www.wired-gov.net. Retrieved 2022-02-01.
  77. ^ WalesOnline (2011-07-31). "International body grants Wales country status after principality error". WalesOnline. Retrieved 2022-02-10.
  78. ^ "Countries within a country". 10 Downing Street website. 10 Downing Street. 10 January 2003. Archived from the original on 9 September 2008. Retrieved 5 November 2010. The United Kingdom is made up of four countries: England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland.
  79. ^ "UN report causes stir with Wales dubbed 'Principality'". WalesOnline website. Media Wales Ltd. 3 July 2010. Retrieved 25 July 2010. ... the Assembly's Counsel General, John Griffiths, [said]: "I agree that, in relation to Wales, Principality is a misnomer and that Wales should properly be referred to as a country.
  80. ^ "Wales.com FAQs". Wales.com website. Welsh Government. 2008. Retrieved 24 August 2015.
  81. ^ Bogdanor, Vernon (1995-11-09). The Monarchy and the Constitution. Clarendon Press. ISBN 978-0-19-827769-9.
  82. ^ "Welsh Language (Wales) Measure 2011 | Law Wales". law.gov.wales. Retrieved 2022-02-03.
  83. ^ "First Welsh law 'for 600 years'". ITV News. 2012-11-12. Retrieved 2022-02-03.
  84. ^ "Reserved vs. Conferred powers". research.senedd.wales. Retrieved 2023-01-13.
  85. ^ "Welsh assembly renamed Senedd Cymru/Welsh Parliament". BBC News. 2020-05-06. Retrieved 2022-01-31.
  86. ^ "16 and 17 year olds have secured the right to vote in Wales". www.electoral-reform.org.uk. Retrieved 2022-02-01.
  87. ^ "Crown Estate (Devolution to Wales) Bill".
  88. ^ "Shared Prosperity Fund (Wales) Bill".
  89. ^ "Devolution: What is it and how does it work across the UK?". BBC News. 2021-03-24. Retrieved 2022-03-10.
  90. ^ "Government of Wales Act" (PDF).
  91. ^ "The Government of Wales Act 2006: the challenges for legal education (Learning in Law Annual Conference 2008) at UKCLE". ials.sas.ac.uk. Retrieved 2022-03-23.
  92. ^ "Wales Act 2014 | Law Wales". law.gov.wales. Retrieved 2022-03-23.
  93. ^ This article contains OGL licensed text This article incorporates text published under the British Open Government Licence v2.0: "Powers". Welsh Government. 2020-09-01.
  94. ^ "Interim report by The Independent Commission on the Constitutional Future of Wales" (PDF).
  95. ^ Deacon, Russell (2018-01-23), "1 The Evolution of Welsh Devolution", The Government and Politics of Wales, Edinburgh University Press, pp. 1–21, doi:10.1515/9780748699742-004, ISBN 9780748699742, retrieved 2022-11-29
  96. ^ "Plenary 24/01/2023". Welsh Parliament. Retrieved 2023-01-29.
  97. ^ "Petition calling for the Senedd to have control over Wales' water signed by over 2,500 in just a few hours". Nation.Cymru. 2022-08-25. Retrieved 2022-08-30.
  98. ^ "Plaid Cymru MP introduces Bill calling for the devolution of post-EU funds to Wales". Nation.Cymru. 2022-03-22. Retrieved 2023-03-11.
  99. ^ Mosalski, Ruth (2022-02-15). "10,000 want St David's Day to be a bank holiday but UK gov says no". WalesOnline. Retrieved 2022-02-22.
  100. ^ "Mark Drakeford dismisses call for power to tax energy firms to be held in Wales". Nation.Cymru. 2022-02-16. Retrieved 2022-03-09.
  101. ^ Duffy, Nick (2023-02-07). "Welsh Government to seek devolution of gender recognition laws amid Scotland battle". inews.co.uk. Retrieved 2023-02-14.
  102. ^ "Plaid Cymru call for devolution of justice to Wales - 'we can't be treated as an appendage to England'". Nation.Cymru. 2022-11-29. Retrieved 2022-11-29.
  103. ^ Hayward, Will (2023-03-17). "Wales misses out on £1bn from a second major English rail project". WalesOnline. Retrieved 2023-03-18.
  104. ^ "Power to set tax rates could help Wales tackle cost of living crisis says Plaid". Nation.Cymru. 2023-02-08. Retrieved 2023-02-08.
  105. ^ "'Wales needs full control over welfare and taxation'". The National Wales. Archived from the original on 2022-02-05. Retrieved 2022-02-05.
  106. ^ "After Brexit: The UK Internal Market Act and devolution". www.gov.scot. Retrieved 2022-02-06.
  107. ^ "Written Statement: Legal challenge to the UK Internal Market Act 2020 – Update (29 June 2021)". GOV.WALES. 29 June 2021. Retrieved 2022-02-06.
  108. ^ "25 years of devolution in Wales: Has enough changed since the 1997 referendum?".
  109. ^ "Weak Devolution Settlement Hinders Economic Development".
  110. ^ "'Weak' assembly harming Wales". 24 November 2003 – via news.bbc.co.uk.
  111. ^ Williamson, David (2005-11-16). "Why Celtic tiger failed". WalesOnline. Retrieved 2023-03-13.
  112. ^ a b Bradbury, Jonathan; Davies, Andrew (2022). "Regional Economic Development and the Case of Wales: Theory and Practice and Problems of Strategy and Policy". National Institute Economic Review. 261: 1–15. doi:10.1017/nie.2022.26. ISSN 0027-9501. S2CID 255571295.
  113. ^ "Our Nation". movingforward.wales. Retrieved 2022-08-09.
  114. ^ 2021 manifesto Put Recovery First (PDF).
  115. ^ "Plaid Cymru campaign for devolution of broadcasting "step closer" following establishment of new expert panel". The Party of Wales. 20 June 2022. Retrieved 2022-08-09.
  116. ^ "Welsh independence to take longer than hoped, admits Adam Price". BBC News. 2022-03-27. Retrieved 2022-08-09.
  117. ^ "EXCLUSIVE: "Wales can stand alone" says Green leader as Welsh party backs independence". Left Foot Forward: Leading the UK's progressive debate. 2020-10-27. Retrieved 2022-08-09.
  118. ^ "Gwlad - llais newydd dros annibyniaeth i Gymru". Gwlad. Retrieved 2022-08-09.
  119. ^ Propel Constitution (PDF). 2019.
  120. ^ a b "Welsh election 2021: Who should I vote for? Compare party policies". BBC News. 2021-04-22. Retrieved 2022-08-09.
  121. ^ "Welsh referendum analysis: Wales 'united in clear vote'". BBC News. 2011-03-04. Retrieved 2022-02-09.
  122. ^ Duclos, Nathalie (2 January 2006). "The 1997 devolution referendums in Scotland and Wales". Revue française de civilisation britannique. XIV (1): 151–264. doi:10.4000/rfcb.1187.
  123. ^ "Welsh Referendum". www.bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 2022-02-09.
  124. ^ "History of devolution". senedd.wales. Retrieved 2022-09-28.
  125. ^ Hayward, Will (2023-07-10). "Poll shows 40% of Welsh people want either independence or more powers for Wales". WalesOnline. Retrieved 2023-07-11.
  126. ^ "YouGov / Barn Cymru Survey Results" (PDF).
  127. ^ "YouGov / Barn Cymru Survey Results" (PDF).
  128. ^ a b "YouGov / Barn Cymru Survey Results" (PDF).
  129. ^ "Voting attitudes and Senedd powers quizzed in poll for BBC Wales". BBC News. 28 February 2021. Retrieved 28 February 2021.
  130. ^ "St Davids Day Poll 2020". 1 March 2020 – via www.bbc.co.uk.
  131. ^ "Attitudes to Brexit and economy polled". BBC News. 1 March 2019.
  132. ^ Awan-Scully, Roger (20 December 2018). "Does Wales Want to Abolish the Assembly?". Cardiff University. Archived from the original on 15 May 2021. Retrieved 9 February 2022.
  133. ^ "EU migrants should have skills, public tells BBC Wales poll". BBC News. 2017-03-01.
  134. ^ "St David's Day Poll" (PDF). blogs.cardiff.ac.uk. 1 March 2016. Retrieved 2019-08-11.
  135. ^ "ICM Poll for the BBC" (PDF). www.icmunlimited.com. 2016. Retrieved 2019-08-11.
  136. ^ "'Record low' back Welsh independence - BBC/ICM poll". Wales Online. 2014-09-15. Retrieved 2014-09-19.
  137. ^ "BBC Cymru Wales poll: Few in Wales back Scottish independence". BBC News. 28 February 2014. Retrieved 6 April 2014.
  138. ^ a b c d "Historical Polls". icmunlimited. Retrieved 2022-06-24.
  139. ^ a b "Wales referendum: Has the nation warmed to devolution?". BBC News. 2011-03-02. Retrieved 2022-09-25.
  140. ^ "British Politics After Brexit (Report)" (PDF).
  141. ^ "Who supports abolishing the devolved parliaments, and why? | YouGov". yougov.co.uk. Retrieved 2022-02-09.
  142. ^ "Poll shock for Welsh home rule". the Guardian. 1997-10-10. Retrieved 2022-09-25.
  143. ^ "Overwhelming support for giving more powers to the Senedd". YesCymru. 18 November 2020. Retrieved 2022-02-16.

General sources[edit]

Further reading[edit]