Partula (gastropod)
| Partula | |
|---|---|
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| Partula radiolata | |
Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Heterobranchia |
| Order: | Stylommatophora |
| Infraorder: | Pupilloidei |
| Superfamily: | Pupilloidea |
| Family: | Partulidae |
| Genus: | Partula Férussac, 1821[1] |
| Synonyms | |
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Partula is a genus of air-breathing tropical land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the family Partulidae.[2][3]
Many species of Partula are known under the general common names "Polynesian tree snail" and "Moorean viviparous tree snail".[4] Partulids are distributed across 5,000 sq mi (13,000 km2) of Pacific Ocean islands, from the Society Islands to New Guinea.[citation needed]
Once used as decorative items in Polynesian ceremonial wear and jewelry, these small snails (averaging about one-half to three-quarters of an inch in length) gained the attention of science when Dr. Henry Crampton (along with Yoshio Kondo) spent 50 years studying and cataloging partulids, detailing their remarkable array of morphological elements, ecological niches, and behavioral aspects that illustrate adaptive radiation.[5][6]
Decline[edit]
The partulids of the island of Tahiti act as an example of the possible deleterious effects of attempted biological control. After an infestation of the introduced giant African land snails (Achatina spp.), the carnivorous Florida rosy wolfsnail (Euglandina rosea) was introduced into Tahiti in an attempt to combat the African species.
The wolfsnail chose instead to hunt and eat members of the nearly 76 species of Partula that were endemic to Tahiti and the nearby islands, devouring all but 12 species in a decade. Several scientists recognized what was going on, and were able to save 12 species prior to their becoming extinct.
Today, the Zoological Society of London runs the Partula Programme Consortium which maintains a captive-breeding programme in the United Kingdom, France, and the United States.
The 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species contains 15 critically endangered, 11 extinct in the wild, and 48 extinct Partula species.[7] The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species version 2009.2 contains 13 critically endangered, 11 extinct in the wild and 51 extinct Partula species.[8] The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species version 2015-4 contains 83 Partula species.[9]
Individuals are being reintroduced to Tahiti from captive breeding programmes since 2014.[10][11] In April 2023, over 5,000 individual snails from zoos in the United States and the United Kingdom were released on Tahiti and Mo'orea.
Species[edit]
Species within the genus Partula include: [6]
Full list[edit]
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Collected for ex situ conservation[edit]
The Partula that were collected for ex situ breeding were the following:[12]
Tahiti - P. affinis, P. clara, P. hyalina, P. nodosa, P. otaheitana
Moorea - P. aurantia, P. mirabilis, P. mooreana, P. suturalis, P. taeniata, P. tohiveana
Huahine - P. arguta, P. rosea, P. varia
Raiatea - P. faba, P. garrettii (P. tristis), P. hebe, P. navigatoria (P. dentifera), P. turgida
Marianas - P. gibba, P. langfordi
P. garrettii and P. navigatoria were misidentified as the species in parentheses next to them.
Surviving species[edit]
Looking at the list of surviving species[13] it appears more species survived than initially thought. The list of surviving species is as follows:
Tahiti - P. affinis, P. clara, P. hyalina, P. incrassa, P. nodosa, P. otaheitana
Moorea - P. mirabilis, P. mooreana, P. suturalis, P. taeniata, P. tohiveana
Raiatea - P. garrettii (P. tristis), P. hebe, P. meyeri, P. navigatoria (P. dentifera)
Marianas - P. gibba, P. langfordi, P. lutaensis, P. radiolata
Micronesia - P. emersoni, P. rufa
Solomon Islands - P. cramptoni, P. micans
Papua New Guinea - P. auraniana, P. similaris
Cook Islands - P. assimilis
Cladogram[edit]
Phylogenetic analyses revealed that many of the Partula species are not monophyletic.[14] The resulting cladogram is shown below.
| Partulidae |
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Ecology[edit]
Partula species on Tahiti were usually found on the undersides of the leaves of Caladium and plantain, although in some valleys, they were frequently found on Dracaena and turmeric.[15]
References[edit]
This article incorporates public domain text from the reference.[15]
- ^ Férussac A. É. d'A. de (June 1821). Journ. de Physique 92: 460; 1821, H.N. g. et p. Moll., Tabl. Limaçons, 23.
- ^ Myers, P.; Espinosa, R.; Parr, C. S.; Jones, T.; Hammond, G. S. & Dewey, T. A. (2006). The Animal Diversity Web (online). Accessed at http://animaldiversity.org.
- ^ ITIS Standard Report Page: Partulidae
- ^ Searching for "Partula". In: IUCN 2010. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.3. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 14 September 2010.
- ^ Jung, Younghun, Taehwan Lee, Burch J. B. & Diarmaid Ó Foighil. (2005) "Historical phylogeny of Tahitian Partula". Proc. Joint Conference - American Malacological Society and Western Society of Malacologists.
- ^ a b Gerlach, J. (2016) Icons of Evolution - Pacific island tree snails, family Partulidae. Phelsuma Press, Cambridge
- ^ IUCN (2008). 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 23 December 2008.
- ^ IUCN (2009). IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2009.2. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 14 November 2009.
- ^ IUCN (2016). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2015-4. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 07 June 2016.
- ^ Kuta, Sarah (2 May 2023). "Scientists Reintroduce 5,000 Snails to French Polynesian Islands". Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved 2023-05-27.
- ^ Elizabeth Claire Alberts (28 April 2023). "'Extinct' snails return to Tahiti in largest wildlife reintroduction ever". Mongabay. Retrieved 17 May 2023.
- ^ "Tentacle 3" (PDF). University of Hawaii.
- ^ "Partula". IUCN Red List.
- ^ "34". d-nb.info.
- ^ a b Mayer A. G. (January 1902). "Some species of Partula from Tahiti. A study in variation". Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoölogy XXVI(2), Cambridge, U.S.A.
Further reading[edit]
- Crampton H. E. (1916). Studies on the variation, distribution and evolution of the genus Partula. The species inhabiting Tahiti. Carnegie Institution of Washington, 228: 1-311.
- Crampton H. E. (1925). Studies on the variation, distribution and evolution of the genus Partula. The species of the Mariana Islands, Guam and Saipan. Carnegie Institution of Washington, 228a: 1-116.
- Crampton H. E. (1932). Studies on the variation, distribution and evolution of the genus Partula. The species inhabiting Moorea. Carnegie Institution of Washington, 410: 1-335.
- Lee, T.; Burch, J. B.; Jung, Y.; Coote, T.; Pearce-Kelly, P.; ó Foighil, D. (2007). "Tahitian tree snail mitochondrial clades survived recent mass extirpation". Current Biology. 17 (13): R502–R503. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2007.05.006. PMID 17610827.
External links[edit]
- Partula evolution, diversity and conservation Partula Pages
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