Lishán Didán | |
---|---|
לשן דידן Lišān Didān, לשנן Lišānān | |
Pronunciation | |
Native to | Israel, Azerbaijan, Georgia, originally Iran, Turkey |
Region | Jerusalem and Tel Aviv, originally from Iranian Azerbaijan |
Native speakers | 4,500 (2001) |
Language family | Afro-Asiatic |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | trg |
Glottolog | lish1246 |
Lishán Didánis a modern Jewish Aramaic language, often called Neo-Aramaic or Judeo-Aramaic. It was originally spoken in Iranian Azerbaijan, in the region of Lake Urmia, from Salmas to Mahabad. Most speakers now live in Israel.
The name Lishán Didán means 'our language'; other variations are Lishanán, 'our-language', and Lishanid Nash Didán, 'the language of our selves'. As this causes some confusion with similarly named languages (Lishana Deni and Lishanid Noshan ), scholarly sources tend simply to use a more descriptive name, like Persian Azerbaijani Jewish Neo-Aramaic.
To distinguish it from other dialects of Jewish Neo-Aramaic, Lishán Didán is sometimes called Lakhlokhi (literally 'to-you(f)-to-you(m)') or Galihalu ('mine-yours'), demonstrating a difference of prepositions and pronominal suffixes. Lishán Didán is written in the Hebrew alphabet. Spelling tends to be highly phonetic, and elided letters are not written.
Various Neo-Aramaic dialectsбыли распространены на обширной территории от озера Урмия до озера Ван (в Турции ), вплоть до равнины Мосула (в Ирак ) и обратно в Санандадж (снова в Иран ).
Есть две основные группы диалектов Лишан Дидан. Северный кластер диалектов сосредоточился на Урмии и Салмасе в Западном Азербайджане и распространился на еврейские деревни турецкой провинции Ван. Южный кластер диалектов был сосредоточен на городе Махабад и деревнях к югу от озера Урмия. Диалекты этих двух кластеров понятны друг другу, и большая часть различий связана с получением заимствованных слов из разных языков: персидский, курдский и турецкий языки особенно.
Многие евреи Урмии работали разносчиками в торговле тканями, в то время как другие были ювелирами или ювелирами. Уровень образования мальчиков был начальным, и лишь некоторые из них продолжили свое еврейское образование в ешиве Талмуда. Некоторые из этих учеников зарабатывали себе на жизнь изготовлением талисманов и амулетов. Была маленькая школа для девочек, в которой училось всего двадцать учеников. В Урмии было две основные синагоги, одна большая и одна поменьше. Большая синагога называлась синагогой шейха Абдуллы.
К 1918 году из-за убийства Патриарха Церкви Востока и вторжения османских войск многие евреи были изгнаны из своих домов и бежали. Евреи поселились в Тбилиси или намного позже эмигрировали в Израиль. Волнения в их традиционном регионе после Первой мировой войны и основания государства Израиль привели к тому, что большинство азербайджанских евреев поселились в Тель-Авиве, Иерусалим и небольшие деревни в различных частях страны. Из-за преследований и переселений язык лишан дидан стал заменяться языком молодого поколения на современный иврит.
Большинство носителей лишан дидан говорят на иврите embers of the Barzani familyсоседи. Топография многих диалектов неоарамейского языка настолько различна, что в небольших деревнях (например, в городе Ародхин, где проживали две еврейские семьи) был свой диалект.
Ниже приводится общее сравнение различных фонологических различий между неоарамейскими диалектами:
Древний арамейский | A. A. произношение | Zāx | Dehōk | ʿAmadiya | Urmia | Irbil |
ידאֿ «рука» | ʾ īḏa | ʾ īza | ʾ īḏa | ʾ īda | īda | īla |
ביתאֿ "дом" | bēṯa | bēsa | bēṯa | bēṯa | bēla | bēla |
Как транс-забский диалект, еврейский салама * ḏ имеет рефлекс l как диалект Ирбиль выше. Примеры:
еврейские саламы | английский |
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nəqlá | 'тонкий' |
rqül | 'танец' |
рефлекс еврейских салам * ṯ похож на диалекты Urmia и Irbil, указанные выше. Примеры:
еврейские саламы | английский |
---|---|
malá | 'деревня' |
ksilá | 'hat' |
sahlül (ġ) á | «свидетельство» |
Еврейские саламы утратили черту выделения слов. Это единственный неоарамейский диалект, полностью утративший эту черту. Ниже приводится сравнение надсегментарного акцента еврейских салам и христианских салам.
еврейские саламы | христианские саламы | английский |
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амра | + амра | 'шерсть' |
bəzzá | + bezza | 'дыра' |
susəltá | + susiya | 'косичка, косичка' |
Best known for it's golfcourses, the resort also contains the Roy Barth Tennis Center, which features 22 tenniscourts and is home to the Barth-Hawtin Tennis Academy.Contents 1 Golf 1.1.1 Scorecard 1.1.2 Tournaments held 1.2 Turtle Point 1.4 Oak Point 1.5 Cougar Point 2 Expansion 4 External links - Golf Kiawah Island Golf Resort is home to five championshipgolf courses, most notably The Ocean Course, added in 1991.
The Ocean CourseThe Ocean Course is the most famous course at Kiawah Island, and was designed by Peteand Alice Dye. The course was designed so that players have a view of the shoreline of the Atlantic Ocean, but also to expose golfers to the often-strong winds in the area. The Ocean Course has been consistently named as one of the best courses in the world by several publications such as Golf Digestand Golf Magazineas well as being named a "Certified Audubon Cooperative Sanctuary" by Audubon International. As of 2010, the Ocean Course was rated 25th in Golf Digest's 100 Greatest Golf Courses in America.The Ocean Course is a par 72 course and from the championship
- Men's Handicap
- Women's Carolina 72.7/124 3064192683281172994321053442618 31044032631213230644712231427095327
Tournaments held The Ocean Course first became well known in its first year when it hosted the 1991 Ryder Cup. The United States golf team defeated the Europe golf team 14½ – 13½. The windy Ocean Course made for difficult playing conditions, and the United States team only won when Bernhard Langerof Germany missed a six-foot (1.8 m) par-saving putt that would have defeated Hale Irwin, tied the overall score at 14-all, and retained the cup for Europe. In 1996, the Ocean Course hosted a match onShell's Wonderful World of Golfbetween Annika Sörenstamand Dottie Pepper. The course hosted the World Cup of Golftwice – in 1997 and in 2003. In 1997, Pádraig HarringtonandPaul McGinleywon the team title, with - Colin Montgomeriewinning the individual title. When the World Cup returned in 2003, Trevor Immelmanand Rory Sabbatiniwon the team competition.
The Ocean Course hosted the - PGA Club Professional Championshipin 2005, won by Mike Small, the golf coach at the University of Illinois, won the event with a score of 289, and the Senior PGA Championshipin May 2007;Denis Watsonwon his first golf tournament in twenty-three years, beating Eduardo Romeroby two strokes.
ThePGA Championshipwas played at the Ocean Course in 2012with Rory McIlroywinning by a record eight strokes. The championship will return in 2021- Turtle PointThe Turtle Point course was designed by Jack Nicklausand has also received accolades from Golf Digest magazine. Turtle Point has hosted regional tournaments such as the Carolina Amateur.
The Turtle Point course is a par 72 course. From the tournament tees, it measures 7,061 yards (6,457 m) and has a slope rating of 74.2/141. Osprey PointThe Osprey Point course at Kiawah Island was designed by Tom Fazioand is recognized as one of the "50 Best Golf Courses for Women" by magazine. The Osprey point course is a par 72 course. It measures 6,932 yards (6,339 m) from the tournament tees, and it has a slope rating of 73.3/135. Oak PointDesigned by, the Oak Point course was purchased by the Kiawah Island Resort in 1997. He designed the course on former plantation lands that grew tomatoand indigo
Oak Point plays to a par of 72, and it measures 6,701 yards (6,127 m) from the tournament tees with a slope rating of 72.4/137. Cougar PointThe Cougar Point golf course was originally named Marsh Point, and
Gary Playerredesigned it in 1996. It is a par 72 course, and from the tournament tees it measures 6,875 yards (6,286 m). It has a slope rating of 74.0/138. Expansion Beginning spring 2018, Kiawah Island Golf Resort launched a three-year development that includes a new clubhouse at Cougar Point Golf Course, a non-denominational chapel at The Sanctuary, the West Beach Village Conference Center, designed by Robert A.M. St ern Architects,offering more than 23,000 square feet of pre-event and state-of-the-art meeting space, a new villa check-in facility in West Beach, four two-story, four-bedroom vacation cottages just steps from The Ocean Course Clubhouse with commanding views of this iconic golf course, and a complete renovation of Night Heron Park to double the existing program space of the Nature Center as well as a new activities pavilion, art center, fitness center and dining outlet. References
External links Official website