Войти
Ниже приводится таблица многих наиболее фундаментальных протоиндоевропейских языков (PIE) слова и корни с их родственниками во всех основных семьях потомков.
Используются следующие условные обозначения:
| PIE | Английский | Готический | Латинский | Древнегреческий | Санскрит | Иранский | Славянский | Балтийский | Кельтский | Армянский | Албанский | тохарский | хеттский |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (использовались преобладающие диалекты :) | современное, c. 2000 г. н.э.; Поздний западный саксон OE, ок. 1000 г. н.э. | с. 350 г. н.э. | с. 100 г. до н.э. | Классический Аттик, ок. 400 г. до н.э. | ведический санскрит, ок. 1700–1100 гг. До н.э. (?) (Ригведа ) | Древнеавестийский, ок. 1700–1200 гг. До н.э. (??); Младший авестийский, ок. 900-400 г. до н.э. (? ?); Древнеперсидский, ок. 525 г. до н.э. (Бехистунская надпись ) | Старославянский, ок. 1000 г. н.э. | современный Литовский, ок. 2000 г. н.э.; древнепрусский, ок. 1350-1600 гг. | древнеирландский, ок. 800 г. н.э.; современный валлийский, ок. 2000 г. <1423 г.>Древнеармянский язык, ок. 405 г. н.э. | современный, ок. 2000 г. н.э. | Тохарский A и B, ок. 800 г. н.э. | ок. 1400 г. до н.э. | |
| * méH₂tēr- «мать» | мать (< OE mōdor) | ON móðir «мать» | māter «мать» | mḗtēr «мать» | мати, мат «мать» | Av матар- «мать» НПерс мадар | OCS мати, матер- «мать» | Lith móteris "женщина", motina ; OPrus muti "мать" | OIr матир «мать»; W модриб «тетя» | майр «мать» | мотер «сестра» | A макар, B mācer "мать" | |
| * p H₂tér- "отец" | отец (< OE fæder) | fadar "отец" | pater "отец" | patḗr "отец" | питṛ́ "отец" | Av питар- (ном. также pta, ta ), OPers pita "отец", NPers padar | OIr athir «отец»; валлийский edrydd | hayr "отец" | A pācar, B pācer "отец" | ||||
| * bʰréH₂ter- " брат " | брат (< OE bror) | brōþar " брат " | frāter " брат " | pʰrātēr " член фратрии (братства) " | bʰrā́tṛ "брат" | Av brātar-, OPers brātar-, Ossetian ärvád "брат, родственник ", NPers barādar курдский bira | OCS bratrŭ " брат " | Lith brõlis, OPrus brati "брат | OIr brāth (a) ir, W brawd (pl. brodyr )" брат " | элбайр (род. элбавр )" брат " | вёлла | A прачар, B процер " брат " | |
| * swésor «сестра» | сестра (< OE sweostor, под влиянием ON systir) | swistar «сестра» | soror «сестра» | éor "сестра" | svásṛ "сестра" | Av x̌aŋhar- "сестра" NPers wāhar "сестра" | OCS сестра "сестренка ter " | Lith sesuõ (seser̃s), OPrus sestra " сестра " | OIr siur, W чваэр "сестра" | кёйр (kʿeṙ), ном.пл кʿор-кʿ "сестра" | вашэ "девушка" | A Тар ', B | |
| * dʰugH₂-tér- «дочь» | дочь (< OE dohtor) | daúhtar «дочь» | Oscan futír "дочь" | tugátēr "дочь" | dúhitṛ "дочь" | Av dugədar-, duɣδar-, NPers doḫtar «дочь» курдский точка «дочь» | OCS dŭšti, dŭšter- «дочь» | Лит дуктерис, ОПрус дукти «дочь» | гаульский дукстир «дочь» | дустр «дочь» | A ckācar, B tkācer «дочь» | túwatara «дочь» | |
| * suHnú- «сын» | сын (< OE суну) | сунус "сын" | хуэйос "сын" | суну- "сын" | Av хунуш "сын" | OCS синŭ "сын" | Лит сунос, OPrus suns "son" | ustr "son" | çun "мальчик / сын" | A se, B soyä " сын « | |||
| * непот- « племянник, внук » | устарел неве « племянник, двоюродный брат, внук »(< OE нефа) | OHG nevo "племянник" | nepōs (nepōtis) "внук, племянник" | népodes "потомки" | nápāt- "внук, потомок" | Av napāt-, naptar-, OPers napāt- «внук, потомок» | OLith nepotis, OPrus непутс "внук" | OIr nïæ "сын сестры", W най "племянник" | nip " внук, племянник " | ||||
| * dāiH₂u̯ēr- " брат мужа, зять " | OE tācor " брат мужа " | OHG zeihhor " муж брат " | левир " брат мужа " | dāēr " брат мужа " | devṛ́, devará " брат мужа " | OCS děverĭ "зять" | Лит dieveris "брат мужа" | W daw (f) "зять w " | тайгр " брат мужа " | dhëndër | |||
| * snusós " невестка " | OE snoru " невестка " | OHG snur «невестка» | нурус «невестка» | nuos «невестка» | snuṣā- "невестка" | Стар. Ир. *(s)nušáhбактриец ασνωυο (asnōuo) NPers. sunoh / sunhār "невестка" | OCS snŭxa "невестка" | W gwaudd "невестка" | nuse «невеста» | nu«невестка» | |||
| * su̯ek̂rū́- «свекровь» | OE sweger «свекровь» | swaihr "свекровь" | сокрус "свекровь" | экура "свекровь" | швашру́- "свекровь" | OCS свекры «теща» | Лит Шешурас «тесть», ОПрус swasri "свекровь" | W chwegr "свекровь" | skesur "свекровь" | vje´herr "тесть" |
| ПИЕ | Английский | Готский | Латинский | Древнегреческий | Санскрит | Иранский | Славянский | Балтийский | кельтский | армянин | албанский | тохарский | хеттский |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| * dʰĝʰemon- "человек, человек (букв. Земли" | OE гума "человек, человек ", brȳd guma " невеста жених " . | гума "человек" | гомо "человек" | khthōn "земля" хамаи "на земле" | курдский зэво "сельхозугодья" НПерс замин "земля, почва" | OCS зем (л) джанинъ "землянин" | OLith жмуõ "человек"; OPrus zmunents "человек" | OIr duine, W dyn "человек" < *dʰĝʰom-yo- | A śom "мальчик"; B śaumo "человек" | ||||
| * H₂ner- "человек, герой" | ON Njǫrðr (имя Бога) | Ner -(личное имя), neriōsus "сильный" | anḗr (andros) "man" | nár- (nom. nā ) "man, person" | Av нар- (ном. на ) "мужчина, человек" курдский nêr "животное мужского пола, мужской род" | OCS нарав "характер, обычай"; narodŭ "народ, нация" | Лит nóras "желаю, хочу", нарса ; OPrus nàrs "храбрость" | W nêr "господин, принц, вождь; герой" | ayr (aṙn) "человек, человек" | njer "человек, человек" | |||
| * wiH-ro- "man" | был волк (< OE wer "человек") | waír "человек " | вир " человек " | вира- " человек, герой " | Av вира- " человек, герой " | (возможно) OCS виро- «своенравный» | Лит вирас «человек»; OPrus wirs "мужчина, муж" | OIr fer, W gŵr "мужчина" | burrë "мужчина" | A wir «молодой» | |||
| * gʷén-eH₂- «женщина, жена» | королева (< OE cwēn «королева, женщина, жена») | qēns (qēnáis), qinō «женщина, жена» | gun (gunaikos) «женщина, жена» < *gʷun-eH | gnā (gnā́s-) «жена бога», jániḥ, jánī «женщина, жена» | Av gǝnā, γnā, aini-, NPers zan «женщина, жена» курдский цзинь "женщина, жена" | OCS жена "женщина, жена" | Лит жмона "жена", OPrus gena "женщина, жена" | OIr ben (mná) "женщина, жена" < *gʷén-eH₂ (*gʷn-eH₂-s), be (нейтральный.) "жена < *gʷén; W бенив " женщина " | кин (knoǰ) " женщина " | zonjë " женщина, жена, женщина "< *gʷen-yeH₂; Гег grue, Tosk grua "жена" < *gʷn-ōn | A śäṁ (мн. śnu ), B śana «женщина, жена» | лувийца wanatti «женщина, жена» |
| PIE | английский | готический | лат. на | Древнегреческий | Санскрит | Иранский | Славянский | Балтийский | Кельтский | Армянский | Албанский | Тохарский | Хеттский |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| * egH₂ "I" | I(< OE ic̣) | ik"I" | egō "I" < *egoH₂ | egṓ, egṓn "I" | ahám "I" < *egH₂-om | Av azǝm, Сотрудники adam, Parth. az "I" <* egH₂-om курдский ez"I (прямой падеж)" | OCS azŭ "I" | Лит àš, OLith eš, OPrus as, Латыш es"I" | es"I" | es"I" | u, unë "I" (-në, возможно, первоначально суффикс) | ñuk "I" | ūk"I" под влиянием ammuk "me" |
| * H₁me- "me (acc.)" | me(< OE mē, mec < *H₁me-ge) | mik "me (acc.)" | mē (d) "me (acc.)" | emé, me "me (acc.)" | мам "меня (соотв.)" < *H₁mē-m, mā"меня (соотв. Прибл.)" | Av мąм "меня" | OCS mę"меня (соотв.)" < *H₁mē-m | Лит manè "me (acc.)" | OIr me-sse, mé, W mi"I" | is"me (acc.)" | mua, mue "me (соотв.)" < *H₁mē-m | ammuk "me (соотв., дат.)" <* H₁me-ge, -mu "me (соотв. encl.) " | |
| * H₁meĝʰi " меня (дат.) ", * (H₁) moi " меня (дат. Encl.) " | me(< OE mē) | mis "меня (дат.)" | михи "меня (дат.)" | мои "меня (дат., ген. энкл.)" | махья (м) "меня (дат.)", мḗ, меня "меня (дат. энкл.)" | Av маибья "меня (дат.)" (? не в Покорном), me(Староавестийский moi ) "я (дат. encl.) " | OCS mi(dat enc.) < *(H₁)moi | Lith man " для меня ", OPrus maiy " me (дат. encl.) " | OIr инфикс -m- " me "; W -'m инфиксный винительный падеж первого лица единственного числа" я " | inj "me (dat.)" | meje | ammuk "me (acc., dat.)" <* H₁me-ge, -mi "me (dat. encl.) " | |
| * H₁meme-, * H₁mene- " меня, мое "; * H₁mo-yo-, * H₁me-yo- " my " | my, мой (< OE мин < *H₁mei-no-) | меняин "мой"; мейна "меня" | мэй "меня"; меус "мой" < *H₁me-yo- | emeĩo "меня"; emós "мой" | máma "меня"; ma / mā "мой" < *H₁mo- | Av мана, Сотрудники manā "of me"; Av ma(m / n), ma (f) "my" | OCS мене "мне", moj / a / e (m / f / n) "mine" | Lith мана (s), OPrus mais / maia "мой" | W fy"меня, мой"; бретонский ma"меня, мой" | im"мой" | im«мой» (артикул i+ em) | AB ñi «мой» < прототохарский * mäñi | miš «мой» < *H₁me-yo- |
| * tu "ты" (ном. sg.) | ты (< OE þū «ты») | þu«ты» | tū«ты» | дорический tú(стандартный sú) | t (u) vám «ты» ; | Av tū«вы» NPers to«вы» | OCS ty«вы» | Лит tù, OPr tu«вы» | OIr ту, ту-ссу, ту-ссо, W ti | du"ты" | ti"ты" | A tu, Б т (и) мы "ты" | зик, зикка "вы" < *tega < *te + *egō |
| * wei "we"; * n̥s-mé, encl. * nos "us" | we(< OE wē), us(< OE ūs < PGerm * uns < *n̥s) | weis "мы", uns "us" | nōs "we, us" | hēm- «мы, нас»; Aeol ámme «нас» < *asme < *n̥sme | vay-ám «мы» <* wei-óm, asmān «нас» < *n̥sme + acc. -ān, encl. naḥ «us» < *nos | Av vaēm «мы», ahma «нас», вкл. nǝ̄, nā̊, nō «нас» | Bulg nìe «мы», OCS gen. насŭ "нас" < *nōs-sōm | Lith mès "мы"; OPr генерал. nōuson "наш" < *nōs-sōm | OIr ni"мы, мы" W ni"мы" < *nēs | na"мы" < *nŏs, ne "нас" < *nōs | A было, B wes "we" | wēs "we" <* wei-es, anzāš "us", encl. naš "нас" | |
| * yū "вы (ном. Пл.)"; * us-wé, * us-mé, encl. * wos "вы (согласно / дат. Pl.)" | ye(< OE gē "вы (ном. мн.) "), вы (< OE ēow" вы (в соотв. / дат. мн.) ") | jūs " вы (ном. пл.) ", izwis "вы (соотв. / дат. мн.)" | vōs "вы (ном. / акк. мн.)" | гум- "вы (мн.)" ; Aeol úmme "вы (соотв. Мн.)" < *usme | yūyám "вы (ном. Пл.)", yuṣmā́n "вы ( согласно пл.) "| Av yūžǝm, yūš "вы (ном. Мн.)", yūšmat̃ "вы (абл. Мн.) ", прим. vā̊ "вы (обл. Мн.)" | OCS vy"вы (ном. / Акк. Мн.)", vasŭ "ваше (мн.)" | Lith jũs «ты (ном. Пл.)», jũsų «твое (мн. Мн.)»; OPr iouson "ваш (мн.)" | OIr sī, sissi "you (nom. Pl.)" < *sw-, uai -b "из вас (мн.)" <* ō-swī, NIr далеко n- "ваш (мн.)"; W chwi "вы (ном. Пл.)" < *sw- | ju"вы (ном. Пл.)" < *u < *vos | A yas, B да "вы (ном. Пл..) " | сумма < *usme | | |
| * s (w) e- " себя "; (возвратное местоимение ) | self (< OE self, seolf) | swes (ref. gn. pn.), OHG sih (справочный номер) | sē(справочный номер) | hé(справочный номер) | sva- (справочный номер) | авестийский hva- (ref. pn.) | Bulg sèbe "сам", OCS svoji (ref. gn. pn.) | Lith sava (s), OPrus swajs «мой собственный, я» | или фейн (сам, сам); W hun (an) «я, я, он / она и т. Д.» | iwr я, сам / она | vetë | A ṣn-i, B añ «(свой) собственный» | Лидиан s'fa- (ref. pn.), Carian sfes (ref. pn.) |
| * kʷid, kʷod "what" | what (< OE hwæt) | ƕa"what" | quid "what?", quod «что…, это…» | tí«что?», tì «what…» | kím «what» | NPers či, če "what" | Bulg kakvò "what", OCS čь-to "what?" | Lith kàd "это..."; OPrus kawids "which, what a" | OIr cid "what?" | * i (ēr) (< *hi), inčʿ (< *hi-nč’) "what?" | çfarë "что?" | куит (?) "Что", куит-ки "что угодно"; Лювиан куит "что?" | |
| * kʷis, kʷos, kʷei / koi «кто» | кто (< OE hwā < *kʷoi) | as «кто?» | quis "кто?", quī "who..." | tís, kís, sís "кто ? ", tìs " кто... " | káḥ, kíḥ " who? " | Av kō (ka-hyā, ča-hyā) "кто ?, который?", čiš "кто" | Bulg kòj "кто ", OCS къ-то (česo) " кто? " | Lith kàs "кто?"; OPrus kas "who" | OIr cia, W pwy "who" | о (oyr) "who ? " "кто?" | "A" kë "B" kush в соотв. "ВОЗ?" | A kus, B kuse"who, which" | kuiš "who, which" |
| * -kʷe "и; любой" | - (u) h "и", az-uh "кто угодно" | -que "и", quis-que "каждый, кто угодно"; Венетики -ke "и"; Южный Пичениц -p"и" | -te "и", tís te, hós-te "кто угодно" | -ca "и", káś-ca "кто бы то ни было" | Av ča, OPers čā"и"; Av čiš-ca, Рабочие čiš-čiy "кто бы то ни было" | Bulg če"но, и, потому что"; Древнечешский a-če, ač"if" | OIr na-ch, MW nac "not" < "*and not";Lepontic -pe "и" | o-kʿ "кто угодно" | лидиан -k"и"; Hitt куис-ки, ликийец ти-ке "кто бы" | ||||
| * n̥- "нет, un- « | ун- (< OE ун-) | ун- « ун- » | в- (архаичный en- )« ун- » | a-, an- "un-" | a-, an-, na- "un-" | Av, OPers a-, an- "un - " | OCS ne- " not "< *ne- | Lith ne-< *ne-, OPrus ni- "not" | OIr in-, ē-, an-, W an- "un-" | an- "un-" | nuk «не» | AB a (n) -, am-, e (n) -, em-, on- «un-» |
| PIE | английский | готский | латинский | древнегреческий | санскрит | иранский | славянский | балтийский | кельтский | армянский | албанский | тохарский | хеттов |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| * сем- «один, вместе» | тот же (< ON самр); OE сам- «вместе»; [также немецкий язык zusammen] | sama «тот же» | sem-el «один раз», sem-per «всегда», sim-plex "single, simple", sin-gulī "по одному, single" | heĩs, hén, mía "one" < * sems, * sem, * smiH₂ | sam- «вместе», samá «одинаковый, равный, любой» | Av hama-, OPers hama- "любой, все" | OCS samŭ "сам, один, один" | Lith sam-, są- "with" ; OPrus sa-, sen- "с разделением" | OIr samlith одновременно "; W hafal "равно" | mi"один" | A sas, B ṣe "один" < *sems | ||
| * ói-nos, ói-wos " one " | one (< OE ān) | ains " one " | ūnus (архаический oinos ) | oĩnos " one (on a die) ", oĩ (w) os «в одиночку» | (ēka-< *oi-ko-; Late aika-vartana «один поворот (вокруг следа)») | Av aēva-, Сотрудники aiva- "один, только, один" | OCS вŭ "один, другой" | Лит víenas, OPrus ains "one" | OIr ōen, W un"one" | andr-ēn " прямо там ", ast-ēn " прямо здесь " | ? Gheg tânë, Tosk tërë " all "<ПИРОГ * tod-oino-; ??? një "один" < *ňân < PIE *eni-oino- | B -aiwenta "группа" < "*unit" | |
| * dwóH₁, нейт. * dwóy (H₁) "два" | два (< OE twā) | twái (fem. twōs, нейтральный. twa ) «два» | дуэт «два» | дō «два» | два (u) «два» | Av два, фем. нейт. baē "два" NPers do "два " | OCS dŭva " два " | Лит dù, OPrus dwai "два" | OIr da, W dau (fem. dwy ) "two" | erku " два " | dy" два " | A wu, B wi " два " | dā-, Ликийский cbi- / tbi- «два» |
| * tréyes (fem. * tisres, нейт. * tríH₂ ) «три» | три (< OE rīe) | reis "три" | trēs "three" | treĩs "three" | tráyaḥ (fem. tisráḥ ) "three" | Av rayō, rayas (fem. tisrō, нейт. ϑri ), OPers çi-, Parth hrē "три" | OCS trĭje "three" | Lith trỹs, OPrus tris, Latg treis "три" | OIr trí (fem. téoir ), W tri (fem. tair, teir ) "три" | erekʿ "три" | tre masc., tri fem. "three" | A tre, B trai "three" | tri- "three" |
| * kʷetwóres (жен. * kʷétesres, нейт. * kʷetwṓr ) «четыре» | четыре (< OE fēower) | fidwor «четыре» (на германском языке с влиянием pénkʷe «пять») | quattuor «четыре " | téssares " четыре " | masc. catvāraḥ (соотв. catúraḥ ), нейт. catvāri, жен. cátasraḥ "четверка" | Av masc. čawār (соотв. čaturąm ), fem. čataŋrō «четверка»; NPers čahār "четыре" | OCS četyre "four" | Lith keturì, OPrus ketturei «четверка» | OIr ceth (a) ir (fem. cethēoir, под влиянием fem. tēoir «три») «четыре»; W pedwar (fem. pedair ) "четыре" | čʿorkʿ, kʿaṙ (редко) "четыре | katër " четыре « | A śtwar, B śtwer « четыре » | |
| * pénkʷe « пять » | пять (< OE fīf) | fimf « пять » | quīnque «пять» | pénte «пять» | páñca «пять» | Av panča «пять» | OCS pętĭ «пять» | Lith penkì, OPrus penkei «пять» | OIr cóic, W pum (p) "пять" | hing "пять" | pesë "пять" | A päñ, B piś " пять " | |
| * swék̂s " six " | шесть (< OE siex) | sáihs " six " | sex " six " | héx, наберите. wéx "six" | áṣ "six" | Av xšvaš "six" | OCS šestĭ "six" | Лит šešì, OPrus uššai «шестерка» | OIr sé, W chwe (ch) «шестерка» | vecʿ "six" | gjashtë "six" | A äk, B kas "six" | |
| * septḿ̥ "seven" | семь (< OE сеофон) | сибун "семерка" | septem «семь» | гепта «семь» | сапта «семь» | Av хапта «семь» | OCS sedmĭ "семерка" | Лит septynì, OPrus septinnei "семерка" | OIr secht, W говорит «семь» | eawtʿn «семь» | shtatë «семь» | A ṣpät, B ukt «семь» | sipta- «семь» |
| * H₁ok̂t (u) «восемь» | восемь (< OE eahta) | ahtáu «восемь» | octō " восемь " | октṓ " восемь " | aṣṭā́ (u) " восемь " | Av ашта " восемь " | OCS osmĭ " восемь " | Лит аштуони, ОПрус астони, Латг остони " восемь " | ОИр очт н- "восемь"; W с "восьмерка" | ут "восьмерка" | тетэ "восемь" < *H₁ok̂tō-t- | A okät, B okt "восемь" | |
| * (H₁) néwn̥ "девять" | девять (< OE nigon) | niun "девять " | novem " девять " | ennéa " девять " | náva " девять " | Av nava " девять " | OCS devętĭ "девять" < *newn̥-ti- (Influenced by dékm̥t "ten") | Лит девинь (под влиянием dékm̥t "десять"), OPrus newinei "девять" | OIr noí n-, W naw "девять" | inn "девять" | nëntë "девять" < *newn̥-ti- | AB ñu | |
| * dék̂m̥t "десять" | десять (< OE тянь) | тайхун "десять" | децем "десять" | дека "десять" | даша " десять " | Av даша " десять " | OCS desętĭ " десять " | Lith dẽšimt, OPrus desimtan "ten" | OIr deich, W deg, deng "ten" | tasn "ten" | dhjetë «десять» < *dék̂m̥t-i- | A шак, B шак «десять» | |
| * wī́k̂m̥tiH₁ «двадцать» < * dwi-dk̂m̥t-iH₁ «две десятки» | (реконструирован) | (реконструирован) | vīgintī "двадцать" | eíkosi "двадцать" | viṁśatí "двадцать", двимшати «двадцать» | Av висаити, осетин инсай «двадцать» | (реконструировано) | лит dvidešimt "двадцать" | OIr fiche (fichet), OW uceint "двадцать" | kʿsan "t goy " | zet " двадцать " | A wiki, B ikäṃ " двадцать " | |
| * k̂m̥tóm " сто "< * dk̂m̥tóm | сто (< OE hund, hund-red) | hunda (мн.) "сто" | centum "сто" | хе-катон "сто" | śatám "сотня" | Av сатǝм "сотня" | OCS сŭто "сотня" | Лит симтас, OPrus simtan "сто" | OIr cét, W can (t) "сто" | A känt, B канте "сотня" |
| ПИРОГ | Английский | Готический | Латинский | Древнегреческий | Санскрит | Иранский | Славянский | Балтийский | кельтский | армянский | албанский | тохарский | хеттский |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| * (d) ákru- «слеза» | слеза (< OE tēar, tæhher) | tagr "слеза" | lacrima "слеза" | dákru "слеза" | áśru "слеза" | Av asrū- "слеза" | OPrus assara "слеза", Lith ašara "tear | OIr dēr, W deigr " рвать"; корниш дагр "слеза" | артауср "слеза" < *drak̂ur | A ākär "слеза", Б пл. akrūna "слезы" | isḫaḫru "tear" | ||
| * dn̥ĝʰuH-, * dn̥ĝʰwéH "язык" | язык (< OE tunge) | tuggō "язык" | lingua "язык" (архаичный dingua ) | jihvā́ "язык" <* ĝiĝʰwā, juhū́ | Av hizvā < *ĝiĝʰwā, OPers hizān, Parth ezβān"tongue" | OCS języ-kŭ "язык" < *n̥ĝʰū-k- | OPrus inzuws "язык", Lith liežuvis "язык" | teng "язык"; W tafod "язык, язык " | lezu " язык "(навеянный lizem," я лижу ") | Alb Gjuhë " язык "(* Guh) | A käntu, B kantwo «язык» (* kantwa < *tankwa) | ||
| * ésH₂r̥, * esH₂nés «кровь» | архаический асер, sanguis «кровь» | éar "кровь" | ásṛj, ásr̥k, asnáḥ "кровь" | Lat asins, Ltg asnis (gen. ašņa) «кровь» | ariwn «кровь» | A ysār «кровь» | ēsḫar (esḫanas) «кровь» | ||||||
| ĝ (o) nH₂dʰos "челюсть, щека, подбородок" | подбородок (< OE c̣inn) | киннус "щека" | гена "щека" | génus (génuos) "подбородок, челюсть"; gnátʰos, gnatʰmós "челюсть" < *ĝnH₂dʰ- | хану-ṣ "челюсть" <* ĝʰenu-s, gaṇḍa "щека" | Av zānu- "челюсть - "< *ĝʰenu-s, Персонал дануг< *danu-ka-, Парта zanax " подбородок, челюсть "NPers gune" щека "чун" челюсть " | OPrus auna «челюсть», Lith žándas «щека» | OIr gi (u) n "рот"; W gên, pl. генеу "щека, подбородок"; Старый Корнуолл пл. genau < *genewes "cheeks, chins" | cn-awt «челюсть, щека» | Alb Gushë шея | A śanwe-m «челюсть» | ||
| * énu, néus "колено" | колено (< OE cnēo) | kniu "колено" | genū "колено" | gónu (Hom gen. gounós < *gonwós) "knee", pró-kʰnu "с вытянутым коленом" < * pró-gʰnu | jā́nu "колено", pra-jñuḥ " кривоногий " | Av согласно жнум, дат. / абл. мн. жнубий " колено, фра-шну- ", удерживающий колено вперед "; Parth zānūk, NPers zānū " колено " | cunr, nom pl. cungkʿ "колено" | gjuni "колено" < Post-PIE *ĝnu-n(o)- | A канвэ, B keni "два колена" | genu "колено" | |||
| * H₁dónt -, * H₁dn̥t- «зуб» | зуб (< OE tōþ < *H₁dont-) | tunþus «зуб» < *H₁dn̥t- | dēns (dentis) «зуб» < *H₁dn̥t- | odṓn (odóntos) «зуб» < протогреческий * edónt-, ср. Aeol. édontes «зубы» | dán, dántaḥ «зуб» | Av dantan-, dātā"tooth" NPers dandân "tooth" | Russ. desná"gum" < *H₁dent-sn- | O Prus dants"tooth", Lith dantis"tooth" | OIr dēt"tooth", W dant"tooth" | atamn"tooth" | dhëmb"tooth" | ||
| *H₂óst-"bone" | os (ossis)"bone" | ostéon"bone" | ásthi (asthnáḥ)"bone" | Av ast-, asti-(gen. пл. astąm, instr. пл. azdbīš) "bone" NPers ostoxan "bone" | OCS kostĭ"bone" | OIr asil"limb", MIr asna"rib" MW ass-en, asseu"rib", W asgwrn"bone" < *ost-ko- | os-kr"bone" | asht, ahstë"bone" | B āy, pl. āsta"bone" | ḫastāi-"bone" | |||
| *H₂ous-"ear" | ear(< OE ēare) | áusō"ear" | auris"ear" | oũs"ear" | ūṣa"cavity of the ear" | Av uši"both ears"; NPers hoš"ear" | OCS ucho (ušese)"ear" | OPrus auss"ear", Lith ausis"ear" | OIr āu, ō"ear" | unkn, nom pl. akanǰkʿ"ear" | vesh"ear" < *ōus, *ōs- | ||
| *H₃okʷ-"eye" | eye(< OE ēage) | áugō"eye" | oculus"eye" < *ōkʷelo-s | ósse"both eyes"; ómma"eye" <*óp-mn̥; ökkon"eye" | ákṣi (akṣṇáḥ)"eye" | Av aši"both eyes" | OCS oko"eye" | OPrus aks"eye", Lith akis"eye" | OIr enech, W enep"face" | akn, nom pl. ačʿkʿ"eye" | sy"eye" | A ak, B ek"eye" | |
| *k̂erd-"heart"; *k̂red-dʰē-"to believe" | heart(< OE heorte) | haírtō"heart" | cor (cordis)"heart"; crēdō"I believe" < *krezdō- < *k̂red-dʰē- | kardíā, Homeric kradíē, Cypriot korízdā"heart" <*k̂r̥d(y)ā; poetic kẽr (kẽros)"heart" < *k̂ērd | hṛd"heart" < post-PIE *ĝhr̥d; hṛdaya, hārdi"heart"; śrad-dadʰāti"(he) trusts, believes" | Av zǝrǝd"heart" < post-PIE *ĝhr̥d; zrazdā-"to believe" < *srazdā | OCS sŭrdĭce"heart", serda"medium, core" | OPrus siran"heart", serds"core", Lith širdis"heart", šerdis"core" | OIr cride"heart"; W craidd"center"; Old Irish cretim, W credaf"I believe" | sirt"heart" | A kri"will", B pl. käryāñ"hearts" | karz (kardias)"heart" | |
| *nas-"nose" | nose(< OE nosu) | ON nǫs"nose" | nāsus, nāris"nose" | nas-"nose" | Av nāh-, nā̊ŋhan-, OPers acc. sg. nāham"nose" | OCS nosŭ"nose" | OPrus nasi"nose", Lith nosis"nose" | Alb Hundë/Hunnose | |||||
| *pōds, *ped-"foot" | foot(< OE fōt) | fōtus"foot" | pēs (pedis)"foot" | poús (podós)"foot" | pāt (padáḥ)"foot" | Av pad-, OPers pād, Parth pāδ"foot" NPers pa "foot" | OCS pěšǐ"on foot" | OPrus pida"foot", Lith pėda"foot" | OIr īs"below" < PIE loc. pl. *pēd-su; W is(od)"below, under; lower (than)" | otn"foot", otkʿ"feet" | poshtë"below" | A pe"foot", B paiyye"foot" | pata-, Luvian pata-"foot" |
| *yḗkʷr̥, yekʷnés"liver" | jecur (jecinoris)"liver" | hẽpar (hḗpatos)"liver" | yákr̥t (yaknáḥ)"liver" | Av yākarǝ, NPers ǰigar, Pashto yī̆na"liver" | Serbian je tra"liver", Serbian and Macedonian ikra"fish roe" | OPrus jakna, Lat aknas"liver", Lith jeknos | W (i)afu"liver"; MIr i(u)chair (i(u)chrach)"fish roe" | leard"liver" | |||||
. *ǵʰésr̥ ~ *ǵʰs-r-és "hand" . | hir "hand" (rare, anatomical) | kheír "hand" | hás-ta "hand" | Av zas-ta "hand" | jeṙ "hand, arm" | dorë "hand" | A tsar, B ṣar"hand" | keššar "hand",Luwian īssaris"hand" |
| PIE | English | Gothic | Latin | Ancient Greek | Sanskrit | Iranian | Slavic | Baltic | Celtic | Armenian | Albanian | Tocharian | Hittite |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| *ék̂wos"horse", "fast animal" | OE eoh"horse" | aíƕa-"horse" | equus"horse" | híppos"horse" | áśvaḥ"horse" | Av aspa-, OPers asa-"horse"; Ossetian yäfs"horse" < *yék̂wos NPers asp"horse" | OCS jastrębъ"hawk" (literally "a fast bird") | OPrus kaiwi"mare", Lith ašva"mare | OIr ech; MW ebawl"horse" < PBryth *ep-ālos | ēš"donkey" | A yuk, B yakwe"horse" | Luwian ásùwa"horse" | |
| *gʷōus"cattl e" | cow(< OE cū) | Old Saxon kō, OHG chuo"cow" | bōs (bovis)"cattle"; Umbrian acc. bum"cow" | boũs, Dor bõs (bo(w)ós)"cattle, cow" | gáuḥ (gṓḥ)"cow" | Av gāuš (gāuš)"cow" NPers gāv "cow" | Croatian gòvedo"cattle" < PSlav *govędo; OCS gu-mǐno"threshing floor" | Latvian gùovs"cow", Lith karvė"cow", galvijas"a cattle" | OIr bó (bóu/báu)"cow"; OW buch"cow" < *boukkā, bu-gail"cowherd" < *gʷou-kʷolyos | kov"cow" | ka"ox" | A ko"cow", B keu"cow" | HierLuv wawa-, Lycian wawa-, uwa-"cow" |
| *H₂ówi-"sheep " | ewe(< OE ēow "sheep", ēowu "ewe") | awistr"sheepfold"; OHG ouwi, ou"sheep" | ovis"sheep" | ó(w)is"sheep" | ávi-"sheep" | Wakhi yobc"ewe" < PIran *āvi-či- | Bulg ovèn"ram", OCS ovĭ-ca"ewe" | OPrus awwins"ram", Lith avis"female sheep" avinas"ram" | OIr ōi"sheep"; W ewig"deer" | hov-iw"shepherd" | B eye"sheep", ā(u)w"ewe" | Luvian hāwa/i-, Lycian χawa-"sheep" | |
| *H₂rtk̂os"bear" | ursus"bear" | árktos"bear" | ŕ̥kṣaḥ"bear" | YAv arša, Ossetian ars"bear", NPers xers"bear" | Lith urgzti"to growl" | MIr art, W arth"bear" | arǰ"bear" | arí"bear" | ḫartaqqas(name of a beast of prey) | ||||
| *k̂won-"hound, dog" | hound(< OE hund "dog") | hunds"dog" | canis"dog" | kúōn (kunós)"dog" | śvan(śunaḥ)"dog" | Av spā(acc. spānǝm, pl. gen. sū̆nam), MPers sak, Kurdish se, seg, Wakhi šač"dog" | Bulg kùt͡ʃe"dog", OCS suka"bitch (female dog)" | OPrus sunnis"dog", Lith šuo"dog" | OIr cú (con), W ci"dog" | šun"dog" | possibly qen(disputed, possible Latin loan) | AB ku"dog" (acc. A koṃ, B kweṃ) | Hittite kun-HierLuv suwanni"dog" |
| *muH₁s-"mouse" | mouse(< OE mūs) | ON mús"mouse" | mūs"mouse" | mũs"mouse" | mū́ṣ-"mouse" | OPers muš"mouse" (? not in Pokorny; Pokorny has NPers mūš"mouse") Kurdish mişk"mouse" | OCS myšĭ"mouse" | mukn"mouse" | mi"mouse" | ||||
| *suHs-"pig" | sow(< OE sū) | ON sýr"sow" | sūs"pig" | hũs, sũs"pig" | sū-kara"pig"; Hindi sūvar"pig" | Av hū(gen. sg.) "pig", NPers xuk"pig" | Bulg svinjà"swine, sow" | Latvian suvẽns, sivẽns"piglet" | OIr socc sáil"sea pig"; W hwch"sow, swine" | khos"pig" | thi"pig" | B suwo"pig" | |
| *wl̥kʷos"wolf" | wolf(< OE wulf) | wulfs (wulfis)"wolf" | lupus"wolf" | lúkos"wolf" | vŕ̥kaḥ"wolf" | Av vǝhrka-"wolf", NPers gorg"wolf" | Bulg vɤ̞lk"wolf", OCS vlĭkŭ"wolf" | OPrus wilks"wolf", Lith vilkas"wolf" | OIr olc (uilc)"evil" | aghves"fox" | ujk< OAlb ulk"wolf" | B walkwe"wolf" | ulippana"wolf" |
| *ĝʰans-"goose" | goose(< OE gōs) | OHG gans"goose" | (h)ānser"goose" | kʰḗn"goose" | haṁsáḥ"goose" | Av zāō"goose" (? not in Pokorny); Sogdian z’γ"kind of bird", NPers ɣaz"goose" | Bulg gɤ̞ska"goose", OCS gǫsǐ"goose" | OPrus zansi"goose", Lith žąsis"goose" | OIr gēiss"swan" W gwydd"goose" | gatë"heron" | |||
| *H₂enH₂-t(i)-"duck" | Scot ennet"duck" (< OE ened) | OHG enita"duck" | ānas"duck" | nessa, netta"duck" | ātí-"waterfowl" | Ossetic acc"Wild duck", NPers ordak"duck", NPers ɣu"Swan" | Russ. utka"duck" | OPrus ants"duck", Lith antis"duck" | W hwyad(en)"duck" | baht"duck" | rosë"duck" |
| PIE | English | Gothic | Latin | Ancient Greek | Sanskrit | Iranian | Slavic | Baltic | Celtic | Armenian | Albanian | Tocharian | Hittite |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| *ĝr̥H₂-no-"grain" | corn(< OE corn "grain") | kaúrn"corn" | grānum"grain" | dhānya"grain, cereal" | OCS zrŭno"grain" | OPrus zirni"grain", Lith žirnis"pea", girna"millstone" | OIr grān, W grawn"grain" | cʿorean"wheat, grain, corn" | grurëTosk grun, gruniGheg "grain" | ||||
| *H₂éĝros"field" | acre(< OE æcer "field") | akrs"field" | ager (agrī)"field" | agrós"field" | ájraḥ"meadow" | art"soil" | arë"field" | ||||||
| *H₂erH₃-"to plow" | OE erian"to plow" | arjan"to plow" | arō (arāre)"to plow", arātrum"plow" | aróō"I plow" < *H₂erH₃-oH₂, árotron"plow" | hala"plow" | OCS orjǫ (orati)"to plow", ralo< *ar(ə)dhlom "plow" | OPrus artun"to plow", Lith arti"to plow" | MIr airim"I plow", W arddu"to plow" <*arj-; MIr arathar, W aradr"plow" < *arətrom < *H₂erH₃-trom | ara-wr"plow" | arë"arable land" *H₂r̥H₃-uer- | AB āre"plow" | ||
| *H₂melĝ-"to milk" | milk(< OE meolc, mioluc) | miluks (miluks)"milk" | mulgeō (mulgēre)"to milk" | amélgō"I milk" | mā́ršti, mā́rjati, mr̥játi"(he) wipes, cleans" | Av marǝzaiti, mǝrǝzaiti"(he) grazes (barely touches)" | Russ. CS mŭlzu (mlěsti)"to milk", Pol mleko"milk" | OPrus milztun"to milk", Lith melžti"to milk" | W blith"milk, dairy produce; full of milk", MIr bligim"I milk" < *mligim, melg"milk" | miel, mil"I milk" | A malkeB malk-wer"milk" | ||
| *melH₂-"to grind" | meal(< OE melu) | malan"to grind" | molō (molere)"to grind" | múllō"I grind" | mr̥ṇāti, mr̥nati"(he) grinds" | Av mrāta-"tanned soft" | OCS meljǫ (mlětĭ)"to grind" | OPrus maltun"to grind", Lith malti"to grind" | OIr melim"I grind"; W malu"grind" | mał"sieve" mał-em"I grind, crush" | mjell"flour" | A malywët"you press"; B melye"they trample" | mallai"grinds" |
| *meli-t, *mel-nés"honey" | mildew (< OE mele-dēaw "honeydew") | miliþ"honey" | mel (mellis)"honey" | méli (mélit-)"honey" | milinda"honey-bee" | Bulg med"honey" | OIr mil, W mêl"honey" | mełr"honey" | mjal, mjaltë"honey" | milit"honey" | |||
| *médʰu"honey", "mead"" | mead(< OE medu) | midus"mead" | mēdus"a type of mead" | métʰu"wine" | mádʰu"sweet drink, honey" | Proto-Iranian mádu"honey, wine" | OCS medŭ"honey" | OPrus meddu"honey", Lith medus"honey", Ltg mads"honey" | OIr mid"mead"; W medd"mead" | B mit"honey" | |||
| *sal-"salt" | salt(< OE sealt) | salt"salt" | sāl (salis)"salt" | háls (halós)"salt" | sal-ilá-"salty" | OCS solǐ"salt" | OPrus sals"salt", saldus"sweet | OIr salann, W halen"salt" | ał"salt" | ngjel-bëtë, ngjel-mëtë"salty", njel-m"to be salty" | A sāle, B salyiye"salt" | ||
| *seH₁-"to sow (seed)", *séH₁mn̥"seed" | sow(< OE sāwan) | saian"to sow"; OHG sāmo"seed" | serō (serere)"to sow" < *si-sH₁-oH₂, sēmen"seed" | sī́ra-"Saatpflug" (seed plow?) | OCS sějǫ (sějati)"to sow", sěmę"seeds" | OPrus situn"to sow", simen"seed", Lith sėti"to sow", sekla"seed", semenis"linseed" | OIr sīl, W hil"seed" < *seH₁-lo- | sermn"seed" | isḫūwāi"(he) sows" | ||||
| *yugóm"yoke" | yoke(< OE ġeoc) | juk"yoke" | iugum"yoke" | zugón"yoke" | yugám"yoke" | Av yaoj-, yuj-"to harness" | OCS igo"yoke" | OPrus jugtun"yoke", Lith jungas"yoke" | W iau"yoke" | luc"yoke" | A yokäm"door" | yugan"yoke" |
| PIE | English | Gothic | Latin | Ancient Greek | Sanskrit | Iranian | Slavic | Baltic | Celtic | Armenian | Albanian | Tocharian | Hittite |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| *H₂enH₁-"to breathe" | OE ōþian"breathe hard" < PGerm *anþōjanã | *uz-anan"to expire", ON anda"to breathe" | anima"breath" | ánemos"wind" | ániti"(he) breathes" | Av ā̊ntya, parā̊ntya(gen.) "breathing in and out" | OCS vonja"smell" < *H₂en-yeH₂ | OIr anāl"breath" < *H₂enH̥₁-tlo- ; W anadl"breath" | hołm"wind", anjn"person" | Gheg âjTosk ēnj"I swell" | AB āñm-"spirit", B añiye"breath", B anāsk-"breathe in" | ||
| *swep-"to sleep", *swepnos"dream (n.)" | archaic sweven"dream, vision" (< OE swefn); NoEng sweb"to swoon" (< OE swebban "to put to sleep, lull") | ON sofa"sleep (v.)" | somnus"sleep (n.)" | húpnos"sleep (n.)" | svápnaḥ"sleep, dream (n.)" | Av xᵛafna-"sleep (n.)" NPers xwãb-"sleep" | OCS spěti"sleep (v.)", sŭnŭ"sleep (n.), dream (n.)" | OPrus supnas"dream", Lith sapnas"dream" | OIr sūan, W hun"sleep (n.)" | kʿnem"I sleep", kʿun"sleep (n.)" | gjumë"sleep (n.)" | A ṣpäṃ, B. ṣpane"sleep (n.), dream (n.)" | sup-, suppariya-"to sleep" |
| *sweid-"sweat" | sweat(< OE swǣtan "to sweat") | ON sveiti | sūdor"sweat (n.)" | (e)ĩdos"sweat (n.)" | svḗda-"sweat (n.)" | Av xᵛaēda-"sweat (n.)" | Latvian sviêdri(pl.) "sweat (n.)" | W chwys"sweat (n.)" < *swidso- | kʿirtn"sweat (n.)" | dirsë, djersë"sweat (n.)" < *swí-drōty- | B syā-lñe"sweating" < *swid-yé- | ||
| *H₁ed-"to eat" | eat(< OE etan) | itan"to eat" | edō (ēsse)"to eat", ēst"(he) eats" | édō"I eat", Homeric athematic infinitive édmenai"to eat" | ádmi"I eat", átti"(he) eats" | Av subj. aδāiti"(he) should eat" | OCS jamĭ"I eat" <*H₁ēd-mi, jastŭ"(he) eats" | OPrus istun"to eat", ėsti, Lith "to eat", ėdmi"I eat" | OIr ci-ni estar"although he doesn't eat"; W ys"eats" < *H₁ed-ti | utem"I eat" < *ōd- | ha"to eat" | ēdmi"I eat" | |
| *peH₃-"to drink" | potable(< OF potable) | bibō (bibere)"to drink", pōtus"drink (n.)" | pī́nō, pépomai"I drink" | pā́ti, píbati"(he) drinks" | Av vispo-pitay-"alltränkend" giving water/drinks to all | OCS pijǫ (piti)"to drink" | OPrus putun"to drink", puja"a party", Lith puota"party" | OIr ibid"drinks" < *pibeti; W yfwn"we drink" | əmpem"I drink" | pī"I drink" | pāsi"he swallows" | ||
| *ĝenH₁-, *gi-ĝnéH₁(-sk̂)-, *ĝn̥-néH₁-"to give birth" | kind(< OE (ġe)cynd); OE cennan"produce" | -kunds"born"; OHG kind"child" | gignō (gignere)"to produce" (OLat. genō); nā-scor (nāscī)"to be born" < *ĝn̥H₁-skṓ-r | gígnomai"I become" | jánati"(he) gives birth", jajanti"they give birth" | Av zīzǝnti, zīzanǝnti"they give birth" | OCS žena "woman" | OPrus gamintun"to give birth", gimdyti"to give birth" | OIr -gainethar"who is born" < *ĝn̥-ye-tro;W geni"to be born" | cnanim"I am born, bear" | dhëndër, dhândër"son-in-law, bridegroom" < *ĝenH̥₁-tr- | AB kän-"to come to pass (of a wish), be realized" | |
| *H₂eug-, H₂weg-"to grow, increase" | eke(< OE ēacian "to increase"); wax(of the moon) (< OE weaxan "to grow") | aukan, auknan"to increase (intr.)", wahsjan"to grow" | augeō (augēre)"to increase (tr.)" | a(w)éksō"I increase (intr.)", aúksō, auksánō"I increase (tr.)" | úkṣati"(he) becomes stronger", vakṣáyati"(he) causes to grow" | Av uxšyeiti"(he) grows", vaxšaiti"(he) causes to grow" | OCS jugъ"south" (the direction to where the Sun rises) | OPrus augtwei"to grow", Lith augti" to grow" | OIr fēr, W gwêr"fat" < *weg- | ačem"I grow, become big" | A oksiṣ"(he) grows"; A okṣu, В aukṣu"grown" | ||
| *gʷiH₃wo-"alive", *gʷiH₃wo-teH₂"life" | quick(< OE cwicu "alive") | qius"alive" | vīvus"alive"; vīta"life" | bíos, bíotos"life", zoo "animal" | jīvá-, jīvaka-"alive", jīvitam, jīvā́tuḥ, jīvathaḥ"life" | Av gayō, acc. ǰyātum"life", -ǰyāiti-"life-"; Av ǰva-, OPers ǰīva-"alive" | OCS živŭ"alive", žitĭ, životŭ"life" | OPrus giws"alive", giwata"life", Lith gyvas"alive", gyvatė"snake" | OIr biu, beo, W byw"alive"; OIr bethu (bethad), W bywyd"life" < Proto-Celtic *bivo-tūts | keam"I live" < *gʷi-yā-ye-mi | B śai-"to live" < *gweiH₃-ō | ||
| *mer-"to die" | murder(< OE morþor < *mr̥-tro-m) | maúrþr"murder" | morior (morī)"to die" < *mr̥-yōr, mortalis"mortal" | brotós(< *mrotós), mortós"mortal" | marati, máratē, mriyátē"(he) dies", mṛtá-"dead", mártaḥ, mortal | Av merə-"to die", miryeite"dies"; OPers martiya-"man" | OCS mĭrǫ, mrěti"to die" | Lith miŕštu (miŕti)"to die", merdėti"to die slowly" | OIr marb, W marw"dead" < mr̥-wós | meṙanim"I die", mard"human" | mert"died" |
| PIE | English | Gothic | Latin | Ancient Greek | Sanskrit | Iranian | Slavic | Baltic | Celtic | Armenian | Albanian | Tocharian | Hittite |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| *k̂leu-(s)-"to hear" | listen(< OE hlystan), loud(< OE hlūd) | hliuma"hearing, ears (in pl.)" | clueō (cluēre)"to be named" | ékluon"I heard" | śr̥ṇóti"(he) hears" < *k̂l̥-neu- | Av surunaoiti"(he) hears" < *k̂lu-n- | OCS slyšati"to hear" | OPrus klausytun"to hear", Lith klausyti"to listen" | OIr ro-clui-nethar"hears"; W clywed"to hear" | lsem"I hear" | kluaj(standard quaj) "to call, to name" < *k̂lu(H)-eH₁- | A klyoṣ-, B klyauṣ-"to hear" | |
| *weid-"to see, find; to know" | wit(OE wit "intelligence", witan "to know" < PIE perfect tense) | witan"to know" | videō (vidēre)"to see" | é(w)ide"he saw" perf. oĩda"I know (lit. I have seen)" | vindáti"(he) finds", ávidat"found" vetti, vēdate, vidáti"(he) knows", perf. véda"I know" | Av vī̆δaiti, vī̆nasti"(he) finds" | OCS viždǫ (viděti)"to see" | OPrus widatun"to see", Lith veidas"face" | W gweld"to see" | gtanem"I find" | |||
| *woid-"to know" | Av perf. vaēδa"I know", vīdarǝ"they know" | OCS věmĭ (věděti)"to know" | OPrus waistun"to know", Lith vaistas"medicine", vyda"he sees, knows" | OIr find, W gwn"(I) know" | gitem"I know" | B ūwe"learned" < PToch *wäwen- < *wid-wo- | |||||||
| *ĝénH₃-, *ĝnéH₃-sk̂-, *ĝn̥-né-H₃-"to recognize, know" | can(< OE cann "I know, he knows"), know(< OE cnāwan <*ĝnēH₃-yo-nom), Scot ken"to know" (< OE cennan "to cause to know" < PGerm *kann-jan) | kunnan"to know" < *ĝn̥-n-H₃-onom, kann"I know" | (g)nōscō ((g)nōscere)"to recognize", nōvī"I know" | gignṓskō(aorist égnōn) "I recognize" | jānā́mi"I know" < *janā́mi < *ĝn̥-nH₃-mi | Av zanā-ṯ, zanąn< *ĝn̥-ne-H₃-ti; OPers a-dānā(impf. ) "he knew" < *ĝn̥-ne-H₃-mi, xšnāsātiy(subj. ) "he should know" < *ĝneH₃-sk̂e-eti | OCS znajǫ (znati)"to know" < *ĝneH₃-yoH₂ | OPrus zinatun"to recognize, know", Lith žinoti"to know | OIr itar-gninim, asa-gninaim"I am wise"; W adnabod"(I) know" | čanačʿem, aorist caneay"I recognize" | njoh"I know" < *ĝnēH₃-sk̂oH₂ | A knā-, e.g. knānmaṃ"knowing" <*ĝneH₃-, kñas-äṣt"you have become acquainted" < *ĝnēH₃-s- | |
| *n̥- + *ĝneH₃-tos"not" + "to know" | uncouth(< OE uncūþ "unknown, strange") | unkunþs"unknown" | ignōtus, ignōrāntem"unknown, ignorant" | agnṓs (agnõtos)"unknown" < *n̥- + *ĝnéH₃-ts | ajñāta-"unknown" | OPrus nezinatun"not to know", Lith nežinoti" not to know" | OIr ingnad"foreign" | an-can-awtʿ"ignorant, unknown" | A ā-knats, B a-knātsa"ignorant" | ||||
| *men-"to think" | mind(< OE (ġe)mynd "memory" < *mn̥t-ís); OE munan"to think" | munan"to think"; muns(pl. muneis) "thought" < *mn̥-is; gamunds (gamundáis)"remembrance" < *ko(m)-mn̥t-ís | meminī"I remember"; mēns (mentis)"mind" < *mn̥t-is | mémona"I think of"; maínomai"I go mad" | mányate"(he) thinks" | Av mainyeite"(he) thinks"; OPers mainyāhay"I think" | OCS mĭněti"to mean" | OPrus mintun"to guess", minisna"memory", mints"riddle", mentitun"to lie", Lith mintis" thought", minti"to guess", minėti"to mention" | OIr do-moiniur"I believe, I mean" | mendoj"I think" | A mnu"thought"; B mañu"demand (n.)" | memmāi"says" | |
| *sekʷ-"to see, to say" | see(< OE sēon); say(< OE sec̣gan < PGerm *sag(w)jan < *sokʷéyonom) | saíƕan"to see"; OHG sagen"say" < *sokʷē- | īnseque"declare!" | énnepe"tell!" | śacate"(he) says" | OCS sočiti"to announce" | Lith sakyti"to say", sekti"to tell a story, to follow" | OIr insce"I talk"; OIr rosc"eye" < *pro-skʷo-; OW hepp"(he) said" | sheh"(he) sees" | A ṣotre, B ṣotri"sign" | sakuwāi-"to see" | ||
| *wekʷ-"to say" | OE wōma"noise" < *wōkʷ-mō(n) | OHG giwahanen"mention" < PGerm *gawahnjan (denom. built on *wokʷ-no-) | vocō (vocāre)"to call", vōx (vōcis)"voice" | eĩpon(aor.) "spoke" < *e-we-ikʷ-om < *e-we-ukʷ-om, (w)épos"word" | vákti, vívakti"(he) says", vāk"voice", vácas-"word" | Av vač-"speak, say", vāxš"voice", vačah"word" | OCS vikǫti"to call, to scream" | OPrus enwackēmai"we call" | OIr foccul"word", W gwaethl"fight" < * wokʷ-tlo-m | gočem"I call" | A wak, B wek"voice" | ḫuek-, ḫuk-to swear to" | |
| *prek̂-, *pr̥-sk̂- < *pr̥k̂-sk̂-"to ask" | Scot frain"to ask" (< OE freġnan) | fraíhnan"to ask"; OHG forscōn"to ask, to research" | precor (precārī)"to pray", poscō (poscere)"to demand, ask" | pr̥ccháti"(he) asks" | Av pǝrǝsaiti"(he) asks, desires" <*pr̥-sk̂-; OPers aor.? aparsam"(he) asked" | OCS prositi"to pray" | OPrus prasitun"to ask", Lith prašyti"to ask" | OIr imm-chom-arc"mutual questions, greetings"; NIr arco, W archaf"I ask" | harcʿanem"I ask" | A prak-, B prek-"to ask" | |||
| *H₁neH₃mn̥ or *H₁nomn̥-"name" | name(< OE nama) | namō(acc. pl. namna) "name" | nōmen"name" | ónoma"name" | nā́ma(instrumental sg. nā́mnā) "name" | Av nāma"name" | OCS imę"name" < Proto-Slavic *inmen < *n̥men | OPrus emnes, emmens"name" < *enmen- | OIr ainmm n-, OW anu"name" | anun"name" | Gheg emën, Tosk emër"name" < *enmen- | A ñem, B ñom"name" | lāman-"name" |
| PIE | English | Gothic | Latin | Ancient Greek | Sanskrit | Iranian | Slavic | Baltic | Celtic | Armenian | Albanian | Tocharian | Hittite |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| *H₂ster- "star" | star(< OE steorra) | staírnō"star" | stēlla"star" | astḗr"star" | stṛinst. pl. stŕ̥bhiḥ, nom. pl. tāraḥ, fem. nom. sg. tarā"star" | Av acc. stā̆rǝm(ablauting) "star" | OCS ẑvѣzda"star" | MIr ser, W seren, Breton sterenn"star" | astł"star" | pl. A śreñ, B ściriñ"stars" | ḫasterza"star" | ||
| *dyēus, déiwos"sky, day, god" | Tues-day (< OE Tīwes-dæġ lit. "day of Tīw") | ON tīvar"gods", Týr "Tīw" (the war god) | Iuppiter (Iovis), Old Latin Diū-piter (Diovis)"Jupiter"; diēs"day", deus, dīvus"god" | Zdeús (Di(w)ós)"Zeus" | d(i)yāúḥ (diváḥ, dyōḥ)"heaven", dēváḥ"god" | Av daēva-"demon" | (OCS dĭnĭ (dĭne)"day" <*din-is), Russ. divo"miracle" | OPrus deina"day", deiws"god", Lith diena"day", dievas"god" | OIr dīe, W dydd"day"; OIr dia (dē), OW duiu-"God" | tiw (tuənǰean)"day" | (gdhinj"I make day"(? mache Tag) < *-di-n-yoH₂) | ||
| *seH₂wol-, *sH₂un-"sun" | sun(< OE sunne) | sauil, sunnō"sun" | sōl"sun" | Homeric hēélios"sun" < *sāwélios | súvar (súraḥ)"sun, light, heavens", sūra-, sūrya"sun" | Av hvarǝ (hūrō)"sun, light, heavens" | OCS slĭnŭce"sun" <*sulnika-, Russ. po-solon'"sunwise" | OPrus sauli"sun", sawaiti"week", Lith saulė"sun", savaitė"week" | OIr sūil"eye"; W haul"sun" | ylli"star" < *sūlo- or *sūli- | |||
| *meH₁ns- "moon, month" | moon(< OE mōna), month(< OE mōnaþ) | mēna"moon", mēnoþs"month" | mēnsis"month" | Att mḗn, Ion meis, Dor mḗs"month", mḗnē"moon" | mā́s"moon"; mā́sa"month" | Av mā̊ (mā̊ŋhō)"moon"; NPers māh"moon, month" | OCS měsęcĭ"moon, month" < *mēs-n̥-ko- | OPrus miniks"moon", mins"month", Lith mėnulis"moon", mėnesis"month" | OIr mī (mīs)"month" < *mēns;; W mis"month" | amis"month" | muai"month" | A mañB meñe"month"; A mañ ñkätB meṃ"moon" | |
| *dʰeĝʰom- "earth" | humus"earth" | kʰtʰṓn (kʰtʰonós)"earth", kʰamaí"on the earth" | kṣā́ḥ(acc. kṣā́m, gen. jmáḥ) "earth" | Av zā̊(acc. ząm, gen. zǝmō) "earth" | OCS zemĭ, zemlja"earth" | OPrus zemê"earth", Lith žemė" earth" | OIr dū"place"; Welsh dyn"man" | dhe"earth" | A tkaṃ (tkanis), B keṃ"earth" | tēkan (tagnās)"earth" | |||
| *wódr̥ (udéns) pl. *wédōr (udnés)"water" | water(< OE wæter) | watō (watins)"water" | Umbrian utur"water", Latin unda"wave" | húdōr (húdatos)"water" | udakám(loc. udán(i), pl. udá), udra"water" | Av aoδa-"spring", vaiδi-"stream" | OCS voda"water", Russ. vedro"bucket", | OPrus undan"water", Lith vanduo"water" | OIr u(i)sce"water" < *udeskyo- | get"river" | ujë"water" | A wär, B war"water" | wātar (wetenas)"water" |
| *doru, *dreu-"wood, tree" | tree(< OE trēo) | triu"tree, wood" | dóru, drûs"tree, wood" | dā́ru, drṓs, drú-"tree, wood" | Av dāru-"tree, wood" | OCS drěvo"tree" | OPrus drawê"hole in a tree, hollow tree", Lith drevė"hole in a tree", dirva"soil" | OIr daur"oak", W derwen"oak" | tram"firm" | dru"tree" | AB or"wood" | taru"tree" | |
| *H₂weH₁n̥to-"wind", *H₂weH₁-"to blow" | wind(< OE wind); OE wāwan"to blow" | winds"wind"; waian"to blow" | ventus"wind" | áenta(acc.) "wind", áēsi"(he) blows" | vā́taḥ (vānt-)"wind", vāti"(he) blows" | Av vātō"wind", vāiti"(he) blows" | OCS vějǫ (vějetŭ)"to blow" | OPrus witra"wind", Lith vėjas"wind", vėtra"heavy wind" | W gwynt"wind" | A want, B yente"wind" | ḫūwanz"wind" | ||
| *sneigʷʰ-"to snow" | snow(< OE snāw < *snoigʷhos, snīwan "to snow" < *sneigʷhonom) | snáiws"snow" | nix (nivis)"snow", ninguō (ninguere)"to snow" | nípʰa(acc.) "snow", neípʰei"it snows" | sneha-"snow" | Av snaēža-"to snow"; Shughni žǝnij"snow" < *snaiga- | OCS sněgŭ"snow" | OPrus snaigs"snow", Lith snigti"to snow" | OIr snecht(a)e, W nyf"snow"; OIr snigid"it rains" | ||||
| *péH₂wr̥, pH₂unés"bonfire" | fire(< OE fȳr < *fuïr) | fōn (funins)"fire"; OHG fuïr(two syllables) < *puwéri | Umbrian pir"fire" < *pūr, acc. purom-e"into the fire" < *pur- | pũr (purós)"fire" | pāru (pēru)"sun, fire" | NPers fer"oven, furnace" | Czech pýř"glowing ash" | OPrus pannu"fire" | hur"fire" | A por, B puwar, puwār, pwār"fire" | paḫḫur"fire" | ||
| *gʷʰerm-"warm" | ?warm(< OE wearm); OE ġierwan"to prepare, cook" < PGerm *garwjan | ?warmjan"to warm" | formus"warm" | tʰermós"warm" | gʰarmáḥ"heat" | Av garǝma-"hot, heat"; OPers Garma-pada-, name of the fourth month, corresponding to June/July, orig. (?) "entrance of the heat" | Russ. žar"heat", goret'"to burn" < *gʷʰer | OPrus garmê"heat, glowing", Lith žarijos"cinders", žėrėti"to glow" | OIr gorn"fire" < *gʷʰor-nos | ǰerm"warm" | Gheg zjarm"fire, heat" | A śärme"heat (of summer)" | |
| *leuk-"light, brightness" | light(< OE lēoht) | liuhaþ (liuhadis)"light" | lūceō (lūcēre)"to shine", lūx"light" | leukós"bright, shining, white" | rócate"(he) shines", roká-"light", loka-"world, place" | Av raočant-"shining", raočah"light"; OPers raučah"light" | OCS luča"ray, flash" < *loukyā | OPrus lauk"bright", lauksna"star", laukas"field", Lith laukas"outside, field" | OIr luchair"shine"; W llachar"bright", llug"shimmer" | loys"light" | AB lyuk/luk-"to shine" | luk(k)-"to shine" |
| PIE | English | Gothic | Latin | Ancient Greek | Sanskrit | Iranian | Slavic | Baltic | Celtic | Armenian | Albanian | Tocharian | Hittite |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| *per-"through, across, beyond" | far(< OE feorr) | faírra"far"; faír-"around; (intensifier)" | per"through" | perí, pér"forward" | pári"forward" | Av pairi, OPers pariy"forward" | OCS prě-"forward" | OPrus pro-, pra-"trough, across", Latvian pāri"across", Lith per"across", pra-"to start and finish doing something", pro-"through" | OIr ir-, W er"forward" | heṙu"far" | për, pej, pe"forward" | parā, Lycian pri"forth" | |
| *upér(i)"over, above" | over(< OE ofer) | ufar"over, above, beyond" | super"over" (influenced by sub"under") | hupér"over" | upári"over, above, beyond" | Av 'upairi, OPers "over, above, beyond" | OCS po"upon, at" | OPrus uppin"cloud", | OIr for, W gor, gwar"over, on" | ver"up" | i ver"up" | epër"over, above" | |
| *H₂ents"forehead", *H₂entí, *H₂entá"in front of" | and(< OE and) | and"along, throughout, towards, in, on, among"; OHG enti"previously" < PGerm *andiaz | ante"in front of" | antí"instead of" | anti"opposite to it" | Kurdish ênî"front, forehead" | Lith añt"on" antai"there" | OIr étan"forehead" < *antono- | ənd"instead of" | A ānt, B ānte"surface, forehead" | ḫānz, ḫanti"in front" | ||
| *en"in" | in(< OE in) | in"in, into, towards" | in"in" | en"in" | án-īka-"face" < ?*eni-Hkʷ | Av ainika"face" < ?*eni-Hkʷ | OCS on-, vŭn-, vŭ"in" | OPrus en"in", Lith į"in" | OIr in-"in"; W yn"in" | i"in" | inj"until" | AB y-, yn-, B in-"in" | an-dan"inside" |
| *apó"away" | of, off(< OE of) | af"from, of, by" (ab-u "from...?") | ab"away" | apó"from" | ápa"away" | Av apa, OPers apa"away" | OCS ot, "from, apart of" | Lith apačià"bottom" < *apotyā | prapë"back" < *per-apë | āpa"behind, back" (or ? < *epi) |
| PIE | English | Gothic | Latin | Ancient Greek | Sanskrit | Iranian | Slavic | Baltic | Celtic | Armenian | Albanian | Tocharian | Hittite |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| *medʰyo-"mid, middle" | mid, middle(< OE mid, middel) | midjis"middle" | medius"middle" | més(s)os"middle" | mádʰya-"middle" | Av maiδya-"middle" | OCS meždu"between", Russ. meža"boundary" | OPrus meddin"forest" (between villages), Lith medis"tree" | OIr mid-"middle" < *medʰu-; MW mei-"middle" < *medʰyo- | mēǰ"middle" | mes, mjet"in between, middle" | ||
| *meĝ-"big" | much(< OE myc̣el "big, many") | mikils"big" | magnus"big" | mégas"big" | máhaḥ, mahā́nt-"big" | Av mazant-"big" | OPrus mazs"smaller", Lith mažas"small" | OIr mochtae, MIr mag-, maige"big" | mec"big" | madh"big" | A mak, B makā"much" | mekkis"big" | |
| *gʷerH₂-"heavy" | kaúrus"heavy" | grāvis"heavy" | barús"heavy" | gurúḥ"heavy" | Av gouru-"heavy-", NPers girān"heavy" < *grāna- (influenced by *frāna "full") | OCS gromada"big size, huge", gruz"a load, something heavy", | OPrus garrin"tree", Lith geras"good" | MIr bair"heavy (?)", W bryw"strong" | zor"brute force; great effort" | A kra-marts"heavy (?)", B krā-mär"burden" < *gʷroH₂-mVr- | |||
| *H₁le(n)gʷʰ-, *H₁ln̥gʷʰ-ro-, *H₁ln̥gʷʰ-u-"light (in weight)" | light(< OE lēoht) | leihts"light" < *H₁lengʷʰ-tos; OHG lungar"fast" < *H₁ln̥gʷʰ-ros | levis"light" < *H₁legʷʰ-us | elakʷʰús"small" <*H₁ln̥gʷʰ-us, elapʰrós"light, quick" < *H₁ln̥gʷʰ-ros | lagʰú-, ragʰú-"quick, light, small" | Av ragu-, fem. rǝvī"fast", superl. rǝnjišta-"fastest" | OCS lŭgŭkŭ"light" | OPrus langus"light", langsta"window", lankewingis"flexible", linktwei"to bend", Lith lengvas"light", lankstus"flexible", langas"window", lenkti"to bend" | OIr laigiu, laugu, MW llei"smaller" | lehtë"light-weight" | B lankutse"light" | ||
| *H₁reudʰ-, *H₁roudʰ-os, *H₁rudʰ-rós"red" | red(< OE rēad < *H₁roudʰ-os) | rauþs (raudis)"red" < *H₁roudʰ-os | ruber"red" < *H₁rudʰ-rós | erutʰrós"red" < *H₁rudʰ-rós | rudʰirá-"red" < *H₁rudʰ-rós mixed with *H₁rudʰ-i-; rṓhita-"red"; lōhá-"reddish" < *H₁roudʰ-os | Av raoiδita-"red" | OCS rudŭ"red" | Lith raũdonas"red", rudas"brown" | OIr rúad, W rhudd"red", rhwd"rust" | A rtär, B ratre"red" < *H₁rudʰ-rós | |||
| *alyos, *anyos"other"; *anteros"second" | else(< OE elles); other(< OE ōþer) | aljis, anþar"other" | alius"other" | állos"other" | anyá-, ántara-"other" | Av anya-, ainya-, OPers aniya-"other"; Ossetian ändär"other"; East Iranian h al-ci"whoever" | wutory"other" < PSlav *ǫtorŭ | OPrus antars"second", Lith antras"second" | OIr aile, W ail"other" | ayl"other" | A ālya-k, B alye-k"another" | Lydian aλa-"other" | |
| *néwo-"new" | new(< OE nīwe) | niujis"new" | novus"new" | né(w)os"new" | náva-"new" | Av nava-"new" | OCS novŭ"new" | OPrus nawas"new", Lith naujas"new" | OIr nūë, W newydd"new" | nor"new" < *nowero- | A ñu, B ñune"new" | newa-"new" | |
| *H₂yuHn̥-"young" | young(< OE ġeong < *H₂yuHn̥k̂ós) | juggs"young" | juvenis"young" | yúvan- (yū́naḥ)"young" | Av yvan-, yavan- (yūnō)"youth, young man" | OCS junŭ"young" | Lith Jaunas"young" | OIr ōac"young", W ieuanc"young" < *H₂yuHn̥k̂ós | |||||
| *sen-"old" | sineigs"old (person)" | senex"old" | hénos"former, from a former period" | sánaḥ"old" | Av hana-"old" | OCS sedyi"grey-headed" | OPrus sentwei"to get old", Lith senas"old" | OIr sen"old", Old Welsh hen"old" | hin"old" | ||||
| *nogʷ-"naked" | naked(< OE nacod "naked") | naqaþs"naked" | nudus"naked" | gumnós"naked" | nagnáḥ"naked" | NPers loxt"naked" | OCS nagŭ"naked" | OPrus nags"naked", Lith nuogas"naked" | OIr nocht"naked"; W noeth"naked, bare" | nekumant-"naked, bare" |
| PIE | English | Gothic | Latin | Ancient Greek | Sanskrit | Iranian | Slavic | Baltic | Celtic | Armenian | Albanian | Tocharian | Hittite |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| *dʰwer-"door, doorway, gate" | door(< OE dor, duru) | daúr, daúrō"door" | forēs(pl.) "door" | tʰurā"door" | dvā́r, dvā́raḥ(pl.) "door" | Av dvarǝm(acc.) "gate, court"; OPers duvarayā"at the gate" NPers dar"door" | OCS dvĭri"door" | OPrus dwarris"gate, goal",dwars"estate", Lith durys"door", dvaras"estate", vartai"gate", Latg durovys"door", vuorti"gate" | OIr dorus"door" < Proto-Celtic *dworestu-, W dôr"door" < *dʰureH₂ | duṙn"door" | derë"door" | B twere"doors" | an-durza"within" |
| *domo-, *domu-"house", "home" | timber(< OE timber "house, building material") | timrjan"to build, erect" | domus (domūs)"house" | dómos"house" | dámaḥ"house" | Av dąm, dąmi"in the house"; dǝmā̆na-, nmāna-"house" < *dm-ā̆na- | OCS domŭ"house" | OPrus dimstis"porch", Lith dimstis"entryway" | MIr dom-liacc "house of stones" | tun"house" | dhomë"room" | ?A tem-, B tam-"be born" | |
| *kʷekʷlo-"wheel" | wheel(< OE hwēol, hweogol < PGerm *hweg(w)ulaz < *kʷekʷlós) | ON hjōl, hvēl"wheel" < PGerm *hweh(w)ulaz < *kʷékʷlos | kúklos"circle", (pl.) "wheels" | cakrá-"wheel" | Av čaxra-"wheel" | OCS kolo"wheel" | OPrus kellin"wheel", Lith kaklas"neck" | W cylch"circle" | A kukäl, B kokale"wagon" | kugullas"donut" | |||
| *s(y)uH-"to sew" | sew(< OE sēowan) | siujan"to sew" | suō (suere)"to sew" | humḗn"sinew" | sī́vyati"(he) sews", syūtá-"sewn" | OCS šijǫ (šiti)"to sew" | OPrus šutun"to sew", Lith siūti"to sew", Latg šyut"to sew" | sum(m)anza(n), šuel (?), šuil (?)"thread" | |||||
| *teks-"to fashion, construct" | OE þeox"spear" | OHG dehsa, dehsala"hatchet" | texō (texere)"to weave" | téktōn"carpenter", tíktō"I give birth" | takṣati, tā́ṣṭi"(he) fashions" | Av tašaiti"(he) cuts out, manufactures"; OPers us-tašanā"stairway" < "*construction"; MPers tāšīδan"to do carpentry" | OCS tešǫ (tesati)"to hew", | OPrus tesatun"to hew", Lith tašyti"to hew" | OIr tāl"axe" < *tōkslo- | takkeszi"puts together" | |||
| *webʰ-"to weave" | weave(< OE wefan), web(| OHG weban"to weave" | hupʰaínō"I weave" | ubʰnā́ti"ties together" | Av ubdaēna-"made of cloth"; NPers bāfad"(he) weaves" | viti"weave" | Lith vyti"to twist" | W gwau"knit, weave" | venj"I weave" < *webʰnyō | B wāp-"to weave" | | |||
| *werĝ-"to work" | work(< OE weorc, wyrc̣an) | waúrkjan"to work" | urgeō (urgēre)"to push, drive" | (w)érgon"work", érdō, hrézdō"I work" < *wérĝ-yoH₂, *wréĝ-yoH₂ | varcaḥ"activity" (? not in Pokorny) | Av varəza-"work, activity", vərəzyeiti"(he) works"; NPers varz, barz"field work, husbandry" | vrǔšiti"to act, to do" | OPrus wargs"bad, evil, malicious, vicious", wargtwei"to torment oneself, to suffer", Lith vargas"the state of going through bad/unlucky events" | MW gwreith"deed" < *wreĝ-tu- | gorc"work " | rregj"to clean" | A wärk-, B wārk-"to shear" | |
| *wes-"to clothe, wear clothes" | wear(< OE werian) | wasjan"to clothe" | vestis"clothing" | héstai"gets dressed" | váste"(he) gets dressed" | Av vaste, vaŋhaiti"(he) gets dressed" | veshch"thing, cloth", veshchi"cloth items" Serbian veš"underwear" | OPrus westi"corset", wesseli"wedding", Lith vestuvės"wedding", vesti"to lead" | W gwisg"clothing" | z-genum"I put on (clothes)" < *wes-nu- | vesh"dress". veshje"clothing" | B wastsi, wästsi"clothing" | wassezzi"(he) clothes" |
| PIE | English | Gothic | Latin | Ancient Greek | Sanskrit | Iranian | Slavic | Baltic | Celtic | Armenian | Albanian | Tocharian | Hittite |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| *H₁es-"to be", *H₁es-ti"is". Cf. Indo-European copula | is(< OE is) | ist"is" | sum (esse) "I am (to be)"; est"it is" | estí"is,"; Dorian Greek entí"(they) are" <- *H₁s-enti | ásti"is," | Av asti"is"; Persian hast"is" | OCS jestŭ"is" | OPrus ast"is", ēst"almost", Lith esti"is" | OIr is"is"; Old Welsh hint"(they) are" <- *H₁s-enti | em"I am" | është"is" | B ste"is" | ēszi"is" |
| *bʰuH₂-"to become". Cf. Indo-European copula | be(< OE bēon); OE būan"to dwell" | bauan"to dwell" | fuī"I was" | pʰúomai"I become", épʰū"became" | bʰávati"become, is", ábʰūt"became, was" | Av bavaiti, OPers bavatiy"(he) becomes" | OCS byti"to become, be" | OPrus butwei"to be", Lith būti"to be" | OIr buith"being", W bod"to be" | busanim"sprout up" | buj, bûj"I dwell, stay overnight" < *bunjō | ||
| *sed-, *si-zd-"to sit" | sit(< OE sittan < *sed-yo-nom) | sitan"to sit" | sedeō (sedēre)"to sit", sīdō"I sit down" < *si-zd-oH₂ | hézdomai"I sit" < *sed-yo-, hizdō"I set" < *si-zd-oH₂ | sátsi"(he) sits", aor. ásadat"sat"; sī́dati"(he) sits" < *si-zd-eti | Av ni-šaŋhasti"(he) sits down", opt. hazdyā-t"(he) should sit", hiδaiti"(he) sits" <*si-zd-eti; OPers caus. niya-šād-ayam"I set" | OCS sěždǫ (sěděti)"to sit" | OPrus sistwei"to sit down", Lith sedėti"to be sitting", sėstis"to sit down" | OIr sa(i)did"sits"; Br hezañ"to stop" | nstim"I sit" (< *ni-zdyō), hecanim(< *sed-s-an-yō) "I sit on, I ride" | shëtis"to walk" | ||
| *legʰ-"to lie down" | lie(< OE lic̣gan) | ligan"to lie down" | lectus"bed" | lékʰomai"I lie down" | leṭyati"(he) lies down" | NPers ley"lie down" | OCS ležǫ (ležati)"to lie down" | OPrus laztwei"to lie down" | OIr laigid"lies down" | lagje"city quarter" | A läk-"to lie", B lyśalyñe"(act of) lying down" | lagari"(he) lies down" | |
| *k̂ei-"to lie (down); bed, cozy, dear, familiar" | home(< OE hām "village, home" < *k̂oi-mos) | háims (háimáis)"village, town" < *k̂oi-mis | cīvis"city dweller, citizen" < *k̂ei-wis | keĩtai"lies" | śētē(older śáyē) "(he) lies", śērē"they lie" | Av saēte"(he) lies", sōire"they lie" | OCS sěmija"family" | OPrus seimi"family", kaims"village", Lith šeima"family", kaimas"village" | OIr cóim, cóem, OW cum"dear" | sirem"I love" < *k̂eiro- | kitta, kittari"lies"; Luwian ziyari"lies" | ||
| *steH₂-"to stand (i.e. be standing)" | stand(< OE standan) | standan"to stand"; OHG stān, stēn"to stand" | stō (stāre)"to stand", sistō (sistere)"to cause to stand" | Doric hístāmi"I stand" | Stha / tíṣṭhati"(he) stands" | Av hištaiti"(he) stands"; OPers impf. a-ištata"(he) stood" | OCS stajǫ (stati)"to stand up" | OPrus stalitwei"to stand", Lith stovėti"to stand" | OIr tair-(ṡ)issiur"I stand"; W sefyll"to stand" | stanam"I build; gain" | mbështet, pshtet"I support" | B stäm-"to stand", ste"is", "stare" "(they) are" | istanta-"to stay, delay" |
| *H₁ei-"to go" | yede (< OE ēode "went") | iddja"went" | eō (īre)"to go" | eĩmi"I (will) go" | éti"(he) goes", yánti"(they) go" | Av aēiti"(he) goes", yeinti"(they) go"; OPers aitiy"goes" | OCS jiditi"to move away, to arrive", jidene"coming" | OPrus eitwei"to go", Lith eiti"to walk" | W wyf"I am"; OIr ethaid"goes" < *it-āt- | iǰanem(aorist ēǰ) "I climb down" < *i-gh- | iki"to leave; flee" *H₁(e)i-K- | A yā"he went", B yatsi"to go" < *yā- | īt"go!" |
| *gʷem-"to come" | come(< OE cuman) | qiman"to come" | veniō (venīre)"to come" | baínō"I go" | gámati"(he) goes", aor. ágan, gan"(he) went" | Av ǰamaiti"goes"; OAv inj. uz-ǰǝ̄n"(he) goes", pl. gmǝn"they go" | OPrus gimtwei"to be born", Lith gimti"to be born" | ekn(< *h₁e-gʷem-t) "(he) came" | A käm-, kum-, B käm-, kam-, śem"to come" | ||||
| *sekʷ-"to follow" | OE sec̣g"follower, companion, man" | ON seggr"hero" | sequor (sequī)"to follow" | hépomai"I follow" | sácate"(he) follows" | Av hačaitē, hačaiti"(he) follows" | shagati"to walk" | OPrus sektwei"to shallow [To breathe lightly]", Lith sekti"to follow" | OIr sechithir"follows" |
| PIE | English | Gothic | Latin | Ancient Greek | Sanskrit | Iranian | Slavic | Baltic | Celtic | Armenian | Albanian | Tocharian | Hittite |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| *bʰer-"to carry" | bear(< OE beran) | baíran"to carry" | ferō (ferre)"to carry" | pʰerō"I carry" | bʰarati"(he) carries" | Av baraiti"(he) carries"; OPers barantiy"they carry" NPers bordan "to carry" Kurdish birin "to carry, to take" | OCS berǫ (bĭrati)"to carry" | Lith berti"to pour non liquid" | OIr biru"I carry"; W beru"to flow" | berem"I carry" | bie"I carry" | ||
| *weĝʰ-"to convey" | weigh(< OE wegan "carry"); way(< OE weġ); wain"wagon" (< OE wæġn) | ga-wigan"to move, shake" | vehō (vehere)"to convey" | Pamphylian wekʰétō"he should bring"; Cypriot éwekse"brought there" | váhati"(he) drives" | Av vazaiti"(he) leads, carries" | OCS vezǫ (vesti)"to drive" | OPrus weztun"to ride", Lith vežti"to drive" | OIr fēn, W gwain(type of wagon) < *weĝʰ-no-; W arwain"to lead" | vjedh"I steal" | Hier Luw wa-zi/a-"drive" | ||
| *H₂eĝ-"to lead, drive" | ON aka"to drive" | agō (agere)"to drive, do" | ágō"I lead" | ájati"(he) drives" | Av azaiti"(he) drives" Kurdish ajotin"to drive" | ehati"to drive" | OIr ad-aig"compels"; OW agit, hegit"goes" | acem"I lead" | A ak-, B āk-"go, lead" | ||||
| *dʰeH₁-, dʰH̥₁-"to place, put" | do(< OE dōn) | deds"deed" | faciō (facere)"to do" < *dʰH̥₁-k-yoH₂; con-ditus"built" (orig. "put together"), ab-ditus"removed" (orig. "put away") < Proto-Italic *-θatos < *dʰH̥₁-tos | títʰēmi"I put" < *dʰí-dʰeH₁-mi | dádʰāti"(he) puts" < *dʰé-dʰeH₁-ti | Av daδāiti"(he) puts"; OPers impf. adadā"(he) established" | OCS děti"to lay" | OPrus ditun"to put", Lith dėti"to put" | Gaulish dede"he put (pt.)"; W dodi"to place, to put";OIr -tarti"he gives" < Proto-Celtic *to-ro-ad-dīt < *-dʰeH₁-t | dnel"to put"; ed"he put (past)" | dhatë"place, location" < *dʰH̥₁-teH₂ | A tā-, täs-, tas-, B tes-"to lay" < *dʰeH₁-s- | dāi"puts" |
| *deH₃-, dʰH̥₃-"to give" | dō (dare)"to give" | dídōmi"I give" | dádāti"(he) gives" | Av dadāiti"(he) gives"; OPers impv. dadātuv"let him give" NPers dãdan "to give" | OCS damĭ"I will give" | OPrus datun"to give", Lith duoti"to give" | OIr dān, W dawn"gift" | tam"I give" | dhashë"I gave" < *dH̥₃-sm̥ | dāi"takes" | |||
| *kap-"to grab" | have(< OE habban), heave(< OE hebban) | haban"to have", hafjan"to lift" | capiō (capere)"to take" | káptō"I snatch, swallow" | kapaṭī"two handfuls" | NPers časpīdan, čapsīdan, cafsīdan"to grasp, seize" | Ukrainian hapaty"to grab" | OPrus kaps"grave", Lith kapas"grave", kapt"expression to indicate grabbing. | OIr cacht"female slave", W caeth"slave" < *kap-tos "taken" | kap"I grasp, grab", kam"I have" | |||
| *gʰabʰ-"to seize, take" | give(< OE ġiefan) | giban"to give" | habeō (habēre)"to have" | gábʰastiḥ"forearm, hand" | OPers grab"to seize"; Kurdish girtin"to take, to seize | Russ. xvatátʹ"to snatch, suffice" | OPrus gabtun"to catch", Lith gauti" to get" | OIr gaibid"takes"; W gafael"to take hold, to grip" | |||||
| *gʷʰen-"to strike, kill" | bane(< OE bana "murderer") | banja"blow, wound, ulcer" | dē-fendō (dēfendere)"to ward off, defend", of-fendō (offendere)"to bump, offend" | tʰeínō"I kill" <*gʷʰen-yoH₂, épepʰnon"I killed" < redup. + *gʷʰn-om | hánti"(he) strikes, kills" <*gʷʰen-ti, gʰnánti"they strike, kill" | Av ǰainti"(he) strikes, kills", ni-γne(mid. ) "I strike down"; OPers impf. ajanam"I struck down" | OCS ženǫ (gŭnati)"drive (animals to pasture)", žĭnjǫ (žęti)"reap" | OPrus gintun"to defend", Lith ginti" to defend", ganyti"to drive animals to pasture" | OIr gonim"I wound, kill"; W gwanu"to stab" | ǰnem"I strike" <*gʷʰen-oH₂, ǰnǰem"I destroy" < *gʷʰen-yoH₂ | gjanj"I hunt" < *gʷʰen-yoH₂ | B käsk-"to scatter to destruction" < *gʷʰn̥-sk- | kuēnzi"kills" < *gʷʰen-ti |
| *leikʷ-, *li-ne-kʷ-"to leave behind" | OE lēon"to lend" | leiƕan"to lend" | linquō (linquere)"to leave behind" | leípō, limpánō"I leave behind" | riṇákti"(he) leaves behind", 3rd. pl. riñcanti"they leave behind" | Av -irinaxti"(he) frees"; NPers rēxtan"to pour out" | OBulg otŭ-lěkŭ"something left over", lišiti"to rob" < *leikʷ-s- | OPrus palaistun"to leave behind", Lith likti"to stay" | OIr lēicid"(he) leaves behind, releases" | lkʿanem"I leave behind" | Alb Lejleave |
| PIE | English | Gothic | Latin | Ancient Greek | Sanskrit | Iranian | Slavic | Baltic | Celtic | Armenian | Albanian | Tocharian | Hittite |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| *dʰĝʰyés"yesterday" | yesterday(< OE ġeostra) | gistra-"tomorrow (?)" | heri"yesterday" | kʰtʰés"yesterday" | hyáḥ"yesterday" < *gʰyés | Av zyō, Old Persian diya(ka)"yesterday" | OIr in-dē, W doe"yesterday" | dje"yesterday" | |||||
| *nokʷts (nekʷts)"night" | night(< OE neaht, niht < *nokʷtis) | nahts (nahts)"night" < *nokʷts | nox (noctis)"night" | núks (núktos)"night" | nák(instr. pl. náktīḥ) "night" | Proto-Iranian *náxts,Kurdish nixte"rainy, cloudy (lack of sunlight)" | OCS noštĭ"night" | OPrus nakts"night", Lith naktis"night" | OIr i-nnocht, OW henoid"on this night" | natë"night" | A n[a]ktim"nightly", B nekciye"in the evening" | nekuz(gen. sg.) "of evening" | |
| *H₂eusōs"dawn", *H₂eus-tero-"east", *H₂euso-"gold" | eastern(< OE ēasterne) | ON austr"east" | aurōra"dawn", aurum"gold" | Doric āṓs"dawn" | uṣā́ḥ (uṣásaḥ), acc. uṣā́sam"dawn" | Av ušā̊ (ušaŋhō), acc. ušā̊ŋhǝm"dawn" | OCS (j)utro"morning", MKD zora"dawn" | OPrus austra"dawn", auss"gold", Lith aušra"dawn", auksas"gold" | OIr fāir"sunrise", W gwawr"dawn" < *wōsri- | ?os-ki"gold" | ?A wäs"gold" | ||
| *ĝʰyem-, ĝʰeim-"winter" | ON gói"winter month" | hiems"winter" | kʰeĩma"winter" | híma"winter" | Av zyā̊(acc. zyąm, gen. zimō) "winter" | OCS zima"winter" | OPrus zeima"winter", Lith žiema"winter" | OIr gam"winter", gem-adaig"winter night"; OW gaem"winter" | jmeṙ"winter", jiwn"snow" | Gheg dimën, Tosk dimër(ë)"winter" | gimmanza"winter" | ||
| *wés-r̥, wes-n-és"spring" | ON vár"spring" | vēr"spring" | (w)éar"spring" | vasan-tá-"spring" | Av vaŋri"in spring"; OPers ϑūra-vāhara- | OCS vesna"spring" | OPrus wassara"spring", Lith vasara"summer", pavasaris"spring", vėsu"cool" | OIr errach"spring"< *ferrach < *wesr-āko-; OW guiannuin"in spring" < *wes-n̥t-eino- | garun"spring"< *wesr- | ||||
| *wet-"year", *per-ut-"last year" | wether"castrated male sheep" (< OE weþer), | OHG widar"male sheep", MHG vert"last year" <- *per-ut-, ON fjorð"last year" <- *per-ut- | vetus (veteris)"old" (perīre)"to die" | (w)étos"year", pérusi"last year" | vatsá-, vatsará-"year", par-út"last year" | Sogdian wtšnyy(read wat(u)šanē) "old" | OCS vetŭchŭ"old" | OLith vẽtušas"old" | MIr feis, Cornish guis"sow" < *wet-si- | heru"last year" < *peruti | vit(pl. vjet) "year" | witt-"year" | |
| *yeH₁r-"year" | year(< OE ġēar) | jēr"year" | hōrnus"this year's" < *hōyōr- | hōra"time, year" < *yoH₁r- | yarhi- at which time / when | Av yārə"year" | Russ. CH jara"spring" | OLith Jórė"spring festival" | W iâr"hen", MIr eir-īn"fowl" |
 | Look up Category:Proto-Indo-European terms by etymology in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. |
