List of distinct cell types in the adult human body

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There is estimated to be about 30 trillion (3×1013) human cells in the adult human body, varying from about 20 to 40 trillion depending on the sex, age and weight, and a roughly equal number of bacterial cells.[1][2][3][4][5][6](this have not yet been measured in its enterity emperically, but is based on smaller samples of emperical observation). The human cells have so far been categorized into over 500 cell types[2] based on location and function within the body, there is ussally a lot of varients of these types of cells depending on what surface proteins they have. We have about 1000 cells which have been given unique names listed here, based mostly on the HubMap database.

The main cellular components of the human body by count[4]
Cell type % cell count
Erythrocytes (red blood cells) 84.0
Platelets 4.9
Bone marrow cells 2.5
Vascular endothelial cells 2.1
Lymphocytes 1.5
Hepatocytes 0.8
Neurons and glia 0.6
Bronchial endothelial cells 0.5
Epidermal cells 0.5
Respiratory interstitial cells 0.5
Adipocytes (fat cells) 0.2
Dermal fibroblasts 0.1
Muscle cells 0.001
Other cells 2.0

in 1996 scientists revealed a 'map' of 16000 human genes[7]. Leading to estimates that humans likely had around 100 000 genes[8] (or regions that code for human proteins). However actual sequencing did not start before around 1999, and it wasn’t until 2003[9] that the first complete draft of a human genome revealed that there was roughly 20000-25000, as most DNA does not code for any protein but rather serve other more administrative functions or leftovers from the past. It is difficult to say that we have not made similar mistakes when estimating how many cells we have as there are still substantial gabs in our understanding of human cells.

Major efforts to map all human cells[edit]

Several efforts have been made to make a list or a map of all human cells.[10][11][12] One of the largest and most recent is the HuBMAP (Human BioMolecular Atlas Program).[13] They managed to organize 1551 samples across 17 collections. However, this project still only mapped about 31 of the human bodies' 70 organs. Their datasets and visualisations place great emphasis on biomarkers and location in the body, but less on cell development and how cells can change over time. Usually specific surface proteins are used to identify cells, and based on this they are put into different categories. Another major effort to make an overview of these proteins that allows us to observe cell types is the Swedish Protein Atlas.[14]

The Human Brain Project has attempted to map the human brain,[15][16] although much of the publicly accessible model does not have cellular resolution.

Standards and naming conventions[edit]

So far not all cells which can be found in the human body have been documented. There is no good way to make the experiment where you check if all celltypes identified so far could be taken from an measured in a single donor. Proving that the cells types are universal to all humans. This is partly due to a lack of standards, as we are still not entirely sure what we would need to measure, in order to capture every cell type which can be found.


A good few attempts have been made and is beeing made, for creating standards for identifying cells consistently[17], as well as for how to work with especially STEM cells [18]. However there is still no standard which are used industry wide, nor any defintions which have been accepted by the wider scientific community. Often making it difficult to say weather some collected and observed cells are really one or multiple types of cells. This lack of standards makes it difficult to estimate how many cell types and how many of each cell types can be found in the human body, as well as difficult to predict which young cells you would need to develop with mature cells. The list on this wikipedia article also suffers to some inconsitencies due to multiple sources using different conventions.

Complete lists of human cells known so far[edit]

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List of databases relevant to this list[edit]

The above dataset provides a nested list of cell groups with over 400 human cell types with cell count, cell size, and aggregate cell mass (biomass). See Dataset S1, Cell Group by Subgroup Tab, in this reference.[21]
Name Provider Sources of revenue/sponsors Scope Amount of cells identified so far
HubMap[22] A series of US based universities Unknown ~1200
Human Cell Atlas Columbia University Medical Center at Columbia University Chan Zuckerberg Initiative 37 trillion cells


Origiens, Cell lines and 'Stem cell psycology'[edit]

A family tree including all the known human cells. However, not all cells are linked to their precursor or progenitor yet.

Despite numerous attempts no compleate family tree of all the cells in a given human have been map, nor is there a in the field by all parties agreed upon method to figure out which cells have which prognitors and predecessors for all cells of the human body. So far consensus on wikipedia have been to split all cells into beeing derrived from endoderm, ectoderm or mesoderm. But this thesis still lacks observation to support it, as we still have not mapped the develomental pathways of many of the cells which we have already found in the human body.

Which factors leads cells to develop in one direction or the other is still also not very well understood for most of the cells which we know are in the human body. in very popular terms we don't understand thier psycology and what makes them choose one path in life over another.(there are notable exceptions to this as some cells such as T cells are quite well described. But there is still to much of the overall picture missing to make any decessivy description of it).

Cells derived primarily from endoderm[edit]

The endodermal cells primarily generate the lining and glands of the digestive tube.[23]

Cells derived primarily from ectoderm[edit]

Nervous system[edit]

There are nerve cells, also known as neurons, present in our human body. They are branched out. These cells make up nervous tissue. A neuron consists of a cell body with a nucleus and cytoplasm, from which long thin hair-like parts arise.

Central nervous system neurons and glial cells[edit]

(large variety of types, still poorly classified)

Cells derived primarily from mesoderm[edit]

Note: Cephalic connective tissue and bones are derived from the cranial neural crest which comes from the ectoderm germ layer

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ Hatton IA, Galbraith ED, Merleau NS, Miettinen TP, Smith BM, Shander JA (September 2023). "The human cell count and size distribution". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 120 (39): e2303077120. doi:10.1073/pnas.2303077120. PMC 10523466. PMID 37722043.
  2. ^ a b "Mapping the human body one cell at a time: New study reveals the intricate relationship between cell size and count". News-Medical.net. 2023-09-19. Retrieved 2023-10-18.
  3. ^ Society, Max Planck. "Cellular cartography: Charting the sizes and abundance of our body's cells reveals mathematical order underlying life". medicalxpress.com. Retrieved 2023-10-18.
  4. ^ a b Sender R, Fuchs S, Milo R (August 2016). "Revised Estimates for the Number of Human and Bacteria Cells in the Body". PLOS Biology. 14 (8): e1002533. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1002533. PMC 4991899. PMID 27541692.
  5. ^ Hewings-Martin Y (12 July 2017). "How many cells are in the human body?". Medical News Today. Retrieved 28 June 2023.
  6. ^ Zimmer C (23 October 2013). "How Many Cells Are In Your Body?". National Geographic. Archived from the original on April 3, 2021. Retrieved 29 June 2023.
  7. ^ "The Human Transcript Map". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2024-04-23.
  8. ^ Amaral, Paulo; Carbonell-Sala, Silvia; De La Vega, Francisco M.; Faial, Tiago; Frankish, Adam; Gingeras, Thomas; Guigo, Roderic; Harrow, Jennifer L.; Hatzigeorgiou, Artemis G. (2023-03-24), The status of the human gene catalogue, doi:10.48550/arXiv.2303.13996, retrieved 2024-04-23
  9. ^ "Why the human genome was never completed". www.bbc.com. Retrieved 2024-04-23.
  10. ^ "Home". humancellatlas.org. Retrieved 5 May 2023.
  11. ^ "NIH to build a detailed map of cells within the human body". National Institutes of Health (NIH). 26 September 2018. Retrieved 5 May 2023.
  12. ^ Davis D. "The ambitious quest to map every cell in our body". BBC. Retrieved 5 May 2023.
  13. ^ "The HuBMAP Human BioMolecular Atlas Program". HuBMAP Consortium. Retrieved 5 May 2023.
  14. ^ "The Human Protein Atlas". www.proteinatlas.org. Retrieved 19 July 2023.
  15. ^ "Siibra Explorer". atlases.ebrains.eu. Retrieved 2023-07-02.
  16. ^ "Medical Data Analytics". The Human Brain Project. Retrieved 2 July 2023.
  17. ^ "Home". www.humancellatlas.org. Retrieved 2024-04-23.
  18. ^ "Standards". International Society for Stem Cell Research. Retrieved 2024-04-23.
  19. ^ "Brunner Gland - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics". www.sciencedirect.com. Retrieved 2023-12-10.
  20. ^ "CCF ASCT+B Reporter". Hubmap Consortium.
  21. ^ Hatton, Ian A.; Galbraith, Eric D.; Merleau, Nono S. C.; Miettinen, Teemu P.; Smith, Benjamin McDonald; Shander, Jeffery A. (2023-09-26). "The human cell count and size distribution". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 120 (39). doi:10.1073/pnas.2303077120. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 10523466. PMID 37722043.
  22. ^ "The Human BioMolecular Atlas Program (HuBMAP)". commonfund.nih.gov. 5 January 2017. Retrieved 2023-07-12.
  23. ^ Gilbert SF (2000). "Endoderm". Developmental Biology (6th ed.). Sunderland (MA): Sinauer Associates. Retrieved 2023-07-02.

External links[edit]