Hui'an dialect

Hui'an
Hui'an
惠安话 / 惠安話
Native to	China
Region	Mainly in Hui'an and parts of Quangang District (formerly part of Hui'an), South Fujian province.
Language family	Sino-Tibetan Sinitic Chinese Min Coastal Min Southern Min Hokkien Hui'an; ; ; ; ; ; ;
Early forms	Proto-Sino-Tibetan Old Chinese Proto-Min ; ;
Language codes
ISO 639-3	–
Glottolog	None
Linguasphere	79-AAA-jda

The Hui'an dialect (simplified Chinese: 惠安话; traditional Chinese: 惠安話; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Hūi-oaⁿ-ōe), is a variety of Chinese mostly spoken in Hui'an in South Fujian Province, China. It belongs to the Hokkien subgroup of Southern Min.^[4]

Phonology[edit]

The Hui'an dialect has 14 phonemic initials and over 80 finals.^[5]^[6]

		Bilabial	Alveolar		Velar	Glottal
		Bilabial	plain	sibilant^[b]	Velar	Glottal
Plosive/ Affricate	tenuis	/p/ 布	/t/ 大	/ts/ 左	/k/ 歌	/ʔ/ 乌 / 烏
	aspirated	/pʰ/ 坡	/tʰ/ 兔	/tsʰ/ 菜	/kʰ/ 去
	voiced^[c]	/b/ 马 / 馬	/l/^[d] 旅		/ɡ/ 鹅 / 鵝
Fricative				/s/ 苏 / 蘇		/h/ 鱼 / 魚

The demonstrative system has five pairs of pronouns with a two-way distinction:^[9]^[10]

Proximal	Distal	Translation
这 / 這 tsit⁷ (+ number) + numerative	彼 hit⁷ (+ number) + numerative	this/that; these/those; this/that kind of
这 / 這 tsat⁸	彼 hat⁸	this/that
这 / 這 tse²	彼 hə²	this/that kind of (generic)
遮 tsuai²	徊 huai²	these/those; this/that
种个 / 種個 tsiɔŋ^3-2 e²	响个 / 響個 hiɔŋ^3-2 e²	this/that kind of

Compared with the Quanzhou dialect (spoken in the central urban area of Quanzhou city), the greatest differences are present in the rimes:^[11]^[12]

^ Min is believed to have split from Old Chinese, rather than Middle Chinese like other varieties of Chinese.^[1]^[2]^[3]
^ The alveolar sibilant phonemes /ts/, /tsʰ/ and /s/ are palatalized to [tɕ], [tɕʰ] and [ɕ], respectively, before /i/.^[7]
^ The three voiced phonemes /b/, /l/ and /ɡ/ are realized as the nasal stops [m], [n] and [ŋ], respectively, before nasalized finals.^[8]^[6]
^ The phoneme /l/ may be treated as a plosive, i.e. /d/.^[7]

^ Mei, Tsu-lin (1970), "Tones and prosody in Middle Chinese and the origin of the rising tone", Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies, 30: 86–110, doi:10.2307/2718766, JSTOR 2718766
^ Pulleyblank, Edwin G. (1984), Middle Chinese: A study in Historical Phonology, Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, p. 3, ISBN 978-0-7748-0192-8
^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (2023-07-10). "Glottolog 4.8 - Min". Glottolog. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. doi:10.5281/zenodo.7398962. Archived from the original on 2023-10-13. Retrieved 2023-10-13.
^ Chen 2008, p. 568.
^ Chen 2011, pp. 17–22.
^ ^a ^b Hui'an County Local Chronicles Editorial Board 1998, ch. 1, sec. 1.
^ ^a ^b Chen 2011, p. 19.
^ Chen 2011, p. 18.
^ Chen 2008, pp. 569–570.
^ Chen 2011, pp. 96.
^ Zhou 2006, pp. 1138–1139.
^ Hui'an County Local Chronicles Editorial Board 1998.

Chen, Weirong (2008). "Relative Clauses in Hui'an Dialect" (PDF). In Chan, Marjorie K.M.; Kang, Hana (eds.). Proceedings of the 20th North American Conference on Chinese Linguistics (NACCL-20). Columbus, Ohio: The Ohio State University. pp. 567–582.
Chen, Weirong (2011). The Southern Min Dialect of Hui'an: Morphosyntax and Grammaticalization (PhD). University of Hong Kong. doi:10.5353/th_b4642142 (inactive 2024-04-12).{{cite thesis}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of April 2024 (link)
Hui'an County Local Chronicles Editorial Board, ed. (1998). 惠安县志 (in Chinese). Vol. 35: 方言. Beijing: China Local Records Publishing. ISBN 7-80122-352-7. Archived from the original on 2019-02-10. Retrieved 2018-10-08.
Zhou, Changji [in Chinese], ed. (2006). 闽南方言大词典 (in Chinese). Fuzhou: Fujian People's Publishing House. ISBN 7-211-03896-9.

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