Haplogroup L4

Haplogroup L4
Haplogroup L4
Possible time of origin	90–80 kya
Possible place of origin	East Africa, West Asia
Ancestor	L3'4
Descendants	L4a, L4b
Defining mutations	5460, 16362

Haplogroup L4 is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. It is a somewhat uncommon maternal clade primarily found in East Africa, and West Asia.^[2]

L4 is important in East Africa. The highest frequencies are in Tanzania among the Hadza at 60-83% and Sandawe at 48%.^[3]

It has two branches, L4a and L4b. Subgroup L4a was formerly called L7 and considered a separate subclade of L3'4'7. It has been recognized as a subclade of L4, with L3 as its outgroup by Behar et al. (2008).^[4] The parent clade L3'4 is to have emerged at 106–66 kya.^[5] L4 is not much later than this, estimated at 87 kya by Fernandes et al. (2015).^[6]

Phylogeny[edit]

The following phylogeny is based on van Oven and Kayser (2008).^[1]

L3'4
- L4
  - L4a (formerly known as L7), mutations: 195C, 3357, 5460, 10373, 11253, 11344, 11485, 12414, 13174, 14302, 16260.
    - L4a1
      - L4a1a
    - L4a2
  - L4b, mutations: 709, 3918.
    - L4b1
    - L4b2 (formerly known as L3g or L4g)
      - L4b2a
        L4b2a1
        
        L4b2a2
        L4b2a2a
        
        L4b2a2b
      - L4b2b

References[edit]

^ ^a ^b van Oven, Mannis; Manfred Kayser (13 Oct 2008). "Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation". Human Mutation. 30 (2): E386–E394. doi:10.1002/humu.20921. PMID 18853457. S2CID 27566749.
^ Haplogroups L4.
^ Tishkoff, S. et al. 2007, History of Click-Speaking Populations of Africa Inferred from mtDNA and Y Chromosome Genetic Variation. Molecular Biology and Evolution 2007 24(10):2180-2195
^ Behar, M.; Villems, R.; Soodyall, H.; Blue-Smith, J.; Pereira, L.; Metspalu, E.; Scozzari, R.; Makkan, H.; Tzur, S.; Comas, D.; Bertranpetit, J.; Quintana-Murci, L.; Tyler-Smith, C.; Wells, R. S.; Rosset, S.; Genographic, C. (May 2008). "The Dawn of Human Matrilineal Diversity". American Journal of Human Genetics. 82 (5): 1130–1140. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2008.04.002. ISSN 0002-9297. PMC 2427203. PMID 18439549.
^ "Correcting for Purifying Selection: An Improved Human Mitochondrial Molecular Clock Supplementary material (p. 83)" (PDF). 2009: 89. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-12-29. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
^ Fernandes V, Triska P, Pereira JB, Alshamali F, Rito T, Machado A, et al. (2015) Genetic Stratigraphy of Key Demographic Events in Arabia. PLoS ONE 10(3): e0118625. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0118625

External links[edit]

General
- Mannis van Oven's Phylotree
Haplogroup L4
- Ian Logan's Haplogroup L4
- Ian Logan's Haplogroup L4b
- YFull MTree's Haplogroup L4
- MITOMAP's Haplogroup L4